Wabak Justinianus
Wabak Justinianus (541-542 AD) adalah wabak besar yang menimpa Empayar Rom (Byzantine) Timur, terutama ibukota Kustantiniyah, Sasan, dan kota-kota pelabuhan di seluruh Laut Tengah[1][2] Wabak ini berlaku pada zaman memerintahnya Maharaja Justinianus I yang memberi nama kepada peristiwa ini, baginda turut menghidapi jangkitan ini namun a mengidap penyakit ini tetapi terselamat.[3][4]
Ia merupakan alah satu daripada wabak yang paling dahsyat dalam sejarah, pandemik yang dahsyat mengakibatkan kematian kira-kira 25-50 juta orang dalam dua abad berulang, bersamaan dengan 13-26% penduduk dunia pada masa wabak pertama.[5][6] Kesan dibawa oleh wabak ini berulang muncul secara berkala hingga abad kelapan.[2] Gelombang penyakit mempunyai kesan besar pada sejarah berikutnya di Eropah. Impak sosial dan budaya wabak semasa tempoh Justinian telah dibandingkan dengan Maut Hitam yang sama yang menghancurkan Eropah 600 tahun selepas wabak terakhir Justinian.[7] Procopius, sejarawan Yunani utama abad ke-6, melihat pandemik seperti di seluruh dunia dalam skop.[2][8]
Pada tahun 2013 penyelidik mengesahkan spekulasi awal bahawa punca wabak itu adalah bakteria spesies Yersinia pestis.[9][10] Strain-strain Y. pestis purba dan moden ditelusuri berpunca di banjaran gunung Tian Shan antara sempadan-sempadan Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan dan China, menunjukkan bahawa wabak ini yang mungkin berasal dari dalam atau berhampiran kawasan rantau itu.[11][12]
Nota
sunting- ^ Floor, Willem (2018). Studies in the History of Medicine in Iran. Mazda Publishers. m/s. 3. ISBN 978-1933823942.
The Justinian plague (bubonic plague) also attacked the Sasanian lands.
- ^ a b c The Sixth-Century Plague
- ^ Stathakopoulos, Dionysios (2018), "Plague, Justinianic (Early Medieval Pandemic)", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity (dalam bahasa Inggeris), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, dicapai pada 2020-05-16
- ^ Arrizabalaga, Jon (2010), Bjork, Robert E. (penyunting), "plague and epidemics", The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (dalam bahasa Inggeris), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4, dicapai pada 2020-05-16
- ^ Rosen, William (2007), Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. Viking Adult; pg 3; ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.
- ^ "The Plague of Justinian". History Magazine. 11 (1): 9–12. 2009.
- ^ Christakos, George; Olea, Ricardo A.; Serre, Marc L.; Yu, Hwa-Lung; Wang, Lin-Lin (2005). Interdisciplinary Public Health Reasoning and Epidemic Modelling: the Case of Black Death. Springer. pp. 110–14. ISBN 3-540-25794-2.
- ^ Procopius, Anekdota, 23.20f.
- ^ "Modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague DNA debate". phys.org. May 20, 2013.
- ^ Maria Cheng (January 28, 2014). "Plague DNA found in ancient teeth shows medieval Black Death, 1,500-year pandemic caused by same disease". National Post.
- ^ Eroshenko, Galina A. (October 26, 2017). "Yersinia pestis strains of ancient phylogenetic branch 0.ANT are widely spread in the high-mountain plague foci of Kyrgyzstan". PLOS One. 12 (10): e0187230. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287230E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187230. PMC 5658180. PMID 29073248. Unknown parameter
|displayauthors=ignored (bantuan) - ^ Damgaard, Peter de B. (May 9, 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature. 557 (7705): 369–374. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..369D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. PMID 29743675. Dicapai pada September 28, 2018. Unknown parameter
|displayauthors=ignored (bantuan)
Rujukan
sunting- Harbeck, M; Seifert, L; Hänsch, S; Wagner, DM; Birdsell, D; dll. (2013). "Yersinia pestis DNA from Skeletal Remains from the 6th Century AD Reveals Insights into Justinianic Plague". PLoS Pathog. 9 (5): e1003349. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003349. PMC 3642051. PMID 23658525.
- Drancourt, M; Roux, V; Dang, LV; Tran-Hung, L; Castex, D; Chenal-Francisque, V; dll. (2004). "Genotyping, Orientalis-like Yersinia pestis, and plague pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (9): 1585–1592. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030933. PMC 3320270. PMID 15498160.
- Little, Lester K., penyunting (2006). Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-84639-4.
- McNeill, William H. (1976). Plagues and Peoples. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 978-0-385-12122-4.
- Moorhead, J. (1994). Justinian. London.
- Orent, Wendy (2004). Plague, The Mysterious Past and Terrifying Future of the World's Most Dangerous Disease. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-3685-0.
- Russell, J. C. (1958). "Late Ancient and Medieval Population". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. 48 (3): 71–99. doi:10.2307/1005708. JSTOR 1005708.
- Wacher, John S. (1974). The Towns of Roman Britain. Nature. 98. Berkeley: University of California Press. m/s. 468. Bibcode:1917Natur..98Q.468.. doi:10.1038/098468a0. ISBN 978-0-520-02669-8.
- Edward Walford, translator, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, ISBN 978-1-889758-88-6. [1]—The author, Evagrius, was himself stricken by the plague as a child and lost several family members to it.
- Procopius. History of the Wars, Books I and II (The Persian War). Trans. H. B. Dewing. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1954.—Chapters XXII and XXIII of Book II (pages 451–473) are Procopius's famous description of the Plague of Justinian. This includes the famous statistic of 10,000 people per day dying in Constantinople (page 465).