Carl von Clausewitz
Carl Philipp Gottfried (atau Gottlieb) von Clausewitz[1] (/ˈklaʊzəvɪts/; 1 Jun 1780 – 16 November 1831)[2] adalah seorang jeneral Prusia dan ahli teori tentera yang menegaskan "moral" (bermaksud, dalam istilah moden, psikologi) dan aspek politik perang. Karyanya yang paling terkenal, Vom Kriege (On War), belum selesai pada kematiannya. Clausewitz merupakan seorang realis dalam banyak maksud yang berbeza dan, dalam beberapa perhatian romantis, juga menarik banyak idea-idea rasionalis dari Zaman Kesedaran Eropah.
| Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz | |
|---|---|
 Potret semasa dalam perkhidmatan Prusia, oleh Karl Wilhelm Wach | |
| Kelahiran | 1 Jun 1780 Burg bei Magdeburg, Prusia (sekarang Jerman) |
| Meninggal dunia | 16 November 1831 (umur 51) Breslau, Prusia (sekarang Wrocław, Poland) |
| Kesetiaan |  Prusia Empayar Rusia (1812–1813) |
| Perkhidmatan | Kavalri Prusia |
| Tahun perkhidmatan | 1792–1831 |
| Pangkat | Mejar Jeneral |
| Unit | Legion Rusia-Jerman (Kor III) |
| Arahan | Kriegsakademie |
| Pertempuran | Perang Revolusi Perancis |
Pemikiran Clausewitz sering digambarkan sebagai Hegelian kerana kaedah dialektiknya; tetapi, walaupun beliau mungkin secara peribadi mengenali Hegel, masih ada perdebatan samada Clausewitz sebenarnya dipengaruhi olehnya.[3] Beliau menegaskan interaksi dialektikal pelbagai faktor, mencatat perkembangan-perkembangan yang tidak dijangka dibawah "fog of war" (iaitu, dalam menghadapi maklumat yang tidak lengkap, meragukan, dan sering benar-benar salah dan ketakutan tahap tinggi, keraguan, dan keseronokan) memanggil keputusan cepat oleh para komander yang berjaga-jaga. Beliau melihat sejarah sebagai satu pemeriksaan penting pada kemujaraban ilmiah yang tidak sesuai dengan pengalaman. Berbeza dengan karya awal Antoine-Henri Jomini, beliau berpendapat bahawa perang tidak dapat dijumlahkan atau dikurangkan ke peta kerja, geometri, dan graf. Clausewitz mempunyai banyak aforisme, yang paling terkenal ialah "Perang adalah kesinambungan politik dengan cara yang lain."[4]
Rujukan
sunting- ^ Templat:German title von
- ^ Bassford, Christopher (2002). "Clausewitz and his Works" at clausewitz.com. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ^ Cormier, Youri. War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016) pp. 183-232 http://www.mqup.ca/war-as-paradox-products-9780773547698.php
- ^ Clausewitz, Carl von (1984) [1832]. Howard, Michael; Paret, Peter (penyunting). On War (ed. Indexed). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. m/s. 87. ISBN 978-0-691-01854-6. Unknown parameter
|trans_title=ignored (bantuan)
Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "Fog of war" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.
<ref> dengan nama "gravity" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.Bacaan lanjut
suntingKajian ilmiah
sunting- See massive Clausewitz bibliographies in English, French, German, etc., on The Clausewitz Homepage bibliography section.
- Aron, Raymond. Clausewitz: Philosopher of War. (1985). 418 pp. ISBN 0671628267 OCLC 13702496
- Bassford, Christopher. Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0195083830 OCLC 27811623
- Christopher Bassford, "Tiptoe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare." Working paper,
- Cormier, Youri. "Fighting Doctrines and Revolutionary Ethics" Journal of Military and Security Studies, Vol 15, No 1 (2013) https://web.archive.org/web/20140729225332/http://jmss.synergiesprairies.ca/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/519
- Cormier, Youri. "Hegel and Clausewitz: Convergence on Method, Divergence on Ethics" International History Review, Volume 36, Issue 3, 2014 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.2013.859166?tab=permissions#.U9f1XvldXGB.
- Cormier, Youri. War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016) pp. 183-232
- Echevarria, Antulio J., II. After Clausewitz: German Military Thinkers before the Great War. (2001). 346 pp. ISBN 0700610715 OCLC 44516530
- Echevarria, Antulio J., II. Clausewitz and Contemporary War (2007) ISBN 9780199231911 OCLC 123539601
- Gat, Azar. The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz (1989) ISBN 0198229488 OCLC 18779344
- Handel, Michael I., ed. Clausewitz and Modern Strategy. 1986. 324 pp. ISBN 0714632945 OCLC 13214672
- Handel, Michael I. Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought. (2001) 482 pages. Based on comparison of Clausewitz's On War with Sun Tzu's The Art of War ISBN 0714681326 OCLC 318033033
- Heuser, Beatrice. Reading Clausewitz. (2002). 238 pages, ISBN 0-7126-6484-X
- Heuser, Beatrice. "Small Wars in the Age of Clausewitz: Watershed between Partisan War and People’s War", Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 33 No.1 (Feb. 2010), pp. 137–160 .
- Holmes, Terence M. "Planning Versus Chaos in Clausewitz's On War." Journal of Strategic Studies 2007 30(1): 129-151. ISSN 0140-2390 Fulltext: EBSCO
- Sir Michael Howard, Clausewitz, 1983 [originally a volume in the Oxford University Press "Past Masters" series, reissued in 2000 as Clausewitz: A Very Short Introduction]. ISBN 0-192-87608-2 OCLC 8709266
- Keegan, John, A History of Warfare (London: Hutchinson, 1993). See critique of Keegan's arguments by Christopher Bassford, "John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic," War in History, November 1994, pp. 319–336.
- Kinross, Stuart. Clausewitz and America: Strategic thought and practice from Vietnam to Iraq. (London: Routledge, 2009.) ISBN 9780415380232 OCLC 70173302
- Mieszkowski, Jan. "How To Do Things With Clausewitz," The Global South, Volume 3, Number 1, Spring 2009, pp. 18–29 in Project MUSE
- Mertsalov, A.N. “Jomini versus Clausewitz” pages 11–19 from Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, ISBN 0-297-84913-1.
- Paret, Peter. Clausewitz in His Time: Essays in the Cultural and Intellectual History of Thinking about War. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2015.
- Paret, Peter. "Two Historians on Defeat in War and Its Causes," Historically Speaking, Volume 11, Number 3, June 2010, pp. 2–8 doi:10.1353/hsp.0.0118
- Paret, Peter. Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
- Paret, Peter. "From Ideal to Ambiguity: Johannes von Müller, Clausewitz, and the People in Arms." Journal of the History of Ideas 2004 65(1): 101-111. ISSN 0022-5037 Fulltext: Project Muse
- Rogers, Clifford J. "Clausewitz, Genius and the Rules,"[1], The Journal of Military History, Vol. 66, No. 4. (2002), pp. 1167–1176.
- Paul Roques, Le général de Clausewitz. Sa vie et sa théorie de la guerre, Paris, Editions Astrée, 2013. ISBN 979-10-91815-01-7 http://www.editions-astree.fr/BC/Bon_de_commande_Roques.pdf
- Rothfels, Hans "Clausewitz" pages 93–113 from The Makers of Modern Strategy edited by Edward Mead Earle, Gordon A. Craig & Felix Gilbert, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1943.
- Sharma, Vivek Swarooop. "A Social Theory of War: Clausewitz and War Reconsidered" in Cambridge Review of International Affairs 2015 28 (3): 327-347. Full text at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271941186_A_social_theory_of_war_Clausewitz_and_war_reconsidered.
- Smith, Hugh. On Clausewitz: A Study of Military and Political Ideas. (2005). 303 pp.
- Stoker, Donald J. Clausewitz: His Life and Work (Oxford UP, 2014) 376 pp. online review
- Strachan, Hew (April 2011). "Clausewitz and the First World War". The Journal of Military History. 75 (2): 367–391.
- Strachan, Hew, and Andreas Herberg-Rothe, eds. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (2007) excerpt and text search
- Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. "On the Relationship of History and Theory in on War: the Clausewitzian Ideal and its Implications" Journal of Military History 2001 65(2): 333-354. ISSN 0899-3718
- Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. Decoding Clausewitz: A New Approach to On War Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2008. ISBN 9780700616169 OCLC 213765799
- Villacres, Edward J. and Bassford, Christopher. "Reclaiming the Clausewitzian Trinity". Parameters, Autumn 95, pp. 9–19,
- Wallach, Jehuda L. The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars. (1986).
- Waldman, Thomas (2012). "Clausewitz and the Study of War". Defence Studies. 13 (3): 345–374.
Sumber-sumber utama
sunting- Clausewitz, Carl von. Historical and Political Writings, ed. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran (1992).
- Clausewitz, Carl von. Vom Kriege. Berlin: Dümmlers Verlag, 1832.
- Clausewitz, Carl von (1984) [1976]. Howard, Michael; Paret, Peter (penyunting). On War (ed. trans.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05657-9.
- Clausewitz, Carl von. On War, abridged version translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, edited with an introduction by Beatrice Heuser Oxford World's Classics (Oxford University Press, 2007) ISBN 978-0-19-954002-0
- Clausewitz, Carl von. Principles of War. Translated by Hans Gatske. The Military Service Publishing Company, 1942. Originally "Die wichtigsten Grundsätze des Kriegführens zur Ergänzung meines Unterrichts bei Sr. Königlichen Hoheit dem Kronprinzen" (written 1812).
- Clausewitz, Carl von. Col. J. J. Graham, translator. Vom Kriege. On War — Volume 1 Diarkibkan 2020-10-05 di Wayback Machine, Project Gutenberg eBook. The full text of the 1873 English translation can be seen in parallel with the original German text at http://www.clausewitz.com/CompareFrameSource1.htm. [2]
- Clausewitz, Karl von. On War. Trans. O.J. Matthijs Jolles. New York: Random House, 1943. Though not currently the standard translation, this is increasingly viewed by many Clausewitz scholars as the most precise and accurate English translation.
- Clausewitz, Carl von. The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Diarkibkan 2020-01-13 di Wayback Machine. Trans. anonymous [Wellington's friend Francis Egerton, later Lord Ellesmere], London: John Murray Publishers, 1843. Originally Carl von Clausewitz, Hinterlassene Werke des Generals Carl von Clausewitz über Krieg und Krieg führung, 10 vols., Berlin, 1832–37, "Der Feldzug von 1812 in Russland" in Vol. 7, Berlin, 1835.
- Clausewitz, Carl von, and Wellesley, Arthur (First Duke of Wellington), ed./trans. Christopher Bassford, Gregory W. Pedlow, and Daniel Moran, On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815. (Clausewitz.com, 2010). This collection of documents includes, in a modern English translation, the whole of Clausewitz's study, The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview (Berlin: 1835). ISBN 1-4537-0150-8. It also includes Wellington's reply to Clausewitz's discussion of the campaign, as well as two letters by Clausewitz to his wife after the major battles of 1815 and other supporting documents and essays.
- Clausewitz, Carl von. Two Letters on Strategy. Ed./trans. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran. Carlisle: Army War College Foundation, 1984.
Pautan luar
sunting| Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang Carl von Clausewitz di Wikipedia: | |
 |
Imej dan media dari Commons |
 |
Petikan dari Wikipetikan |
 |
Teks sumber dari Wikisumber |
- Mind Map of On War
- Clausewitz homepage, large amounts of information.
- Corn, Tony. "Clausewitz in Wonderland", Policy Review, September 2006. This is an article hostile to "Clausewitz and the Clausewitzians." See also reply by Clausewitz Homepage, "Clausewitz's self-appointed PR Flack."
- Karya-karya oleh Carl von Clausewitz di Projek Gutenberg
- Karya oleh atau tentang Carl von Clausewitz di Internet Archive
Karya oleh Carl von Clausewitz di LibriVox (buku audio domain awam)- The Influence of Clausewitz on Jomini's Le Précis de l'Art de la Guerre
- Two Letters On Strategy, addressed to the Prussian general-staff officer, Major von Roeder, respectively of 22 and 24 December 1827.
- Erfourth M. & Bazin, A. (2014). Clausewitz’s Military Genius and the #Human Dimension. The Bridge.
