Evolusi uji kaji

Dalam biologi evolusi dan uji kaji, bidang evolusi uji kaji adalah berkenaan dengan hipotesis dan teori evolusi, dengan penggunaan uji kaji terkawal]]. Evolusi mungkin diperhatikan di makmal sebaik populasi beradaptasi terhadap keadaan persekitaran baharu dan/atau perubahan oleh proses stokastik seperti hanyutan genetik rawak. Dengan peralatan molekul moden, penentuan mutasi yang terhadapnya pemilihan bertindak adalah mungkin, yang membawa kepada adaptasi, dan untuk mencari cara tepat mutasi ini berfungsi. Kerana bilangan besar generasi yang diperlukan untuk adaptasi berlaku, uji kaji evolusi biasanya dijalankan dengan mikroorganisma seperti bakteria, ragi atau virus.^[1]^[2] Walau bagaimanapun, kajian makmal dengan rubah^[3] dan dengan rodensia telah menunjukkan bahawa adaptasi ketara boleh berlaku dalam sedikit 10-20 generasi dan uji kaji dengan ikan gupi liar telah diperhatikan dalam bilangan generasi sebanding.^[4]

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^ Buckling A, Craig Maclean R, Brockhurst MA, Colegrave N (2009). "The Beagle in a bottle". Nature. 457 (7231): 824–9. doi:10.1038/nature07892. PMID 19212400. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Elena SF, Lenski RE (2003). "Evolution experiments with microorganisms: the dynamics and genetic bases of adaptation". Nat. Rev. Genet. 4 (6): 457–69. doi:10.1038/nrg1088. PMID 12776215. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)
^ Early Canid Domestication: The Fox Farm Experiment, p.2, by Lyudmila N. Trut, Ph.D., Retrieved February 19, 2011
^ Reznick, D. N. (1997). "Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata)". Science. 275 (5308): 1934–1937. doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1934. PMID 9072971. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)

Bacaan lanjut sunting

Bennett, A. F. (2003). "Experimental evolution and the Krogh Principle: generating biological novelty for functional and genetic analyses" (PDF). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 76 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1086/374275. PMID 12695982. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2008-08-29. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)
Dallinger, W. H. 1887. The president's address. J. Roy. Microscop. Soc., 185-199.
Elena, S. F., and R. E. Lenski. 2003. Evolution experiments with microorganisms: the dynamics and genetic bases of adaptation. Nature Reviews Genetics 4: 457-469.
Garland, T., Jr. 2003. Selection experiments: an under-utilized tool in biomechanics and organismal biology. Pages 23–56 in V. L. Bels, J.-P. Gasc, A. Casinos, eds. Vertebrate biomechanics and evolution. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK. PDF
Garland, T., Jr., and M. R. Rose, eds. 2009. Diarkibkan 2009-10-28 di Wayback Machine Experimental evolution: concepts, methods, and applications of selection experiments. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. PDF of Table of Contents
Gibbs, A. G. 1999. Laboratory selection for the comparative physiologist. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2709-2718.
Lenski, R. E. 2004. Phenotypic and genomic evolution during a 20,000-generation experiment with the bacterium Escherichia coli. Plant Breeding Reviews 24: 225-265.
Lenski, R. E., M. R. Rose, S. C. Simpson, and S. C. Tadler. 1991. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2,000 generations. American Naturalist 138: 1315-1341.
McKenzie, J. A., and P. Batterham. 1994. The genetic, molecular and phenotypic consequences of selection for insecticide resistance. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 166-169.
Reznick, D. N., M. J. Bryant, D. Roff, C. K. Ghalambor, and D. E. Ghalambor. 2004. Effect of extrinsic mortality on the evolution of senescence in guppies. Nature 431: 1095-1099.
Rose, M. R., H. B. Passananti, and M. Matos, eds. 2004. Methuselah flies: A case study in the evolution of aging. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore.
Swallow, J. G., and T. Garland, Jr. 2005. Selection experiments as a tool in evolutionary and comparative physiology: insights into complex traits — An introduction to the symposium. Integrative and Comparative Biology 45: 387-390. PDF

Pautan luar sunting

E. coli Long-term Experimental Evolution Project Site, Lenski lab, Michigan State University
A movie illustrating the dramatic differences in wheel-running behavior.
Experimental Evolution Publications by Ted Garland: Artificial Selection for High Voluntary Wheel-Running Behavior in House Mice — a detailed list of publications.
Experimental Evolution — a list of laboratories that study experimental evolution.
Network for Experimental Research on Evolution, University of California.
New Scientist article on domestication by selection
Inquiry-based middle school lesson plan: "Born to Run: Artificial Selection Lab"

[Buckling-1] Buckling A, Craig Maclean R, Brockhurst MA, Colegrave N (2009). "The Beagle in a bottle". Nature. 457 (7231): 824–9. doi:10.1038/nature07892. PMID 19212400. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] Elena SF, Lenski RE (2003). "Evolution experiments with microorganisms: the dynamics and genetic bases of adaptation". Nat. Rev. Genet. 4 (6): 457–69. doi:10.1038/nrg1088. PMID 12776215. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)

[3] Early Canid Domestication: The Fox Farm Experiment, p.2, by Lyudmila N. Trut, Ph.D., Retrieved February 19, 2011

[Reznicketal1997-4] Reznick, D. N. (1997). "Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata)". Science. 275 (5308): 1934–1937. doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1934. PMID 9072971. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)

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