Kaldera Yellowstone
Kaldera Yellowstone ialah kaldera gunung berapi dan supervolkano di Taman Negara Yellowstone di Barat Amerika Syarikat, kadang-kadang disebut sebagai Supervolkano Yellowstone. Kaldera dan kebanyakan taman terletak di sudut barat laut Wyoming. Ciri-ciri utama ukuran kaldera kira-kira 34 dengan 45 batu (55 oleh 72 km).[4]
| Kaldera Yellowstone | |
|---|---|
 Bahagian timur laut Kaldera Yellowstone, dengan Sungai Yellowstone mengalir melalui Lembah Hayden dan pinggir kaldera di kejauhan | |
| Titik tertinggi | |
| Ketinggian | 9,203[1] ka (2,805 m) |
| Koordinat | 44°24′N 110°42′W / 44.400°N 110.700°WKoordinat: 44°24′N 110°42′W / 44.400°N 110.700°W |
| Geografi | |
| Lokasi | Taman Negara Yellowstone, Wyoming, Amerika Syarikat |
| Induk banjaran | Pergunungan Rocky |
| Peta topo | Taman Negara Yellowstone USGS |
| Geologi | |
| Usia batuan | 2,100,000–70,000 years[3] |
| Jenis gunung | Kaldera[2] dan supervolkano |
| Pendakian | |
| Laluan paling mudah | Jalan, bas, auto |
Kaldera terbentuk pada tiga penghujung terakhir sejak 2.1 juta tahun lalu: letusan Rabung Huckleberry 2.1 juta tahun yang lalu (yang menjadikan Island Park Caldera dan Huckleberry Ridge Tuff); letusan Air Terjun Mesa 1.3 juta tahun yang lalu (yang menciptakan Henry's Fork Caldera dan Mesa Falls Tuff; dan Letusan Lava Creek kira-kira 630,000 tahun yang lalu (yang menciptakan Yellowstone Caldera dan Lava Creek Tuff).[5]
Rujukan sunting
- ^ USGS. "Yellowstone Volcano Observatory". United States Geological Survey.
- ^ "Yellowstone". Program Volkanisme Global, Institusi Smithsonian. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1205-01-. Diperolehi December 31, 2008.
- ^ Lowenstern, Jacob B.; Christiansen, Robert L.; Smith, Robert B.; Morgan, Lisa A.; Heasler, Henry (May 10, 2005). "Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions—What's in Yellowstone's Future? – U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005–3024". United States Geological Survey. Cite journal requires
|journal=(bantuan) - ^ as determined by geological field work conducted by Bob Christiansen of the United States Geological Survey in the 1960s and 1970s.
- ^ Naomi E Matthews et al., 2015, "Age of the Lava Creek supereruption and magma chamber assembly at Yellowstone based on 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb dating of sanidine and zircon crystals" DOI: 10.1002/2015GC005881
Bacaan lanjut sunting
- Breining, Greg (2007). Super Volcano: The Ticking Time Bomb beneath Yellowstone National Park. St. Paul, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2925-2.
A popularized scientific look at the Yellowstone area's geological past and potential future
- Vazquez, J.A.; Reid, M.R. (2002). "Time scales of magma storage and differentiation of voluminous rhyolites at Yellowstone caldera". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. Wyoming. 144 (3): 274–285. Bibcode:2002CoMP..144..274V. doi:10.1007/s00410-002-0400-7.
- Sutherland, Wayne; Sutherland, Judy (2003). Yellowstone Farewell. Spur Ridge.
A novel looking at an eruption in the Yellowstone Caldera written by a practicing Wyoming geologist. Contains a wealth of technical details on the geology of western Wyoming
Pautan luar sunting
- The Snake River Plain and the Yellowstone Hot Spot
- Yellowstone Volcano Observatory
- Supervolcano documentary from BBC
- Interactive: When Yellowstone Explodes from National Geographic
- Canales, Manuel; Chung, Daisy; Santamarina, Daniela; Paniagua, Ronald; Preppernau, Charles; Canellas, Hernan; Umentum, Andrew; Conant, Eve; Sickley, Theodore A. (May 2016). "Inside Yellowstone's Supervolcano". National Geographic. National Geographic Society.
- The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust (46,000 km3 magma reservoir below chamber)