Perekaan dan penemuan Inggeris

Perekaan dan penemuan Inggeris adalah alat, proses atau teknik yang kemunculannya, sama ada secara sepenuhnya ataupun tidak, disebabkan oleh pada seorang yang lahir di England; dalam sesetengah kes, keInggerisan mereka ditentukan sedemikian kerana mereka dilahirkan di England, ataupun oleh orang bukan suku Inggeris yang bekerja di negeri itu. Kerap kali, seseuatu yang ditemui buat pertama kali, turut digelar "perekaan", dan dalam kebanyakan kes, tiada sempadan jelas terdapat di antara kedua-duanya

Yang berikut merupakan senarai perekaan atau penemuan yang sering dianggap oleh salah satu cara sebagai Inggeris:

Pertanian sunting

Gerudi biji - Jethro Tull ^[1]

Ilmu falak sunting

Penemuan planet Uranus^[2] dan bulan Titania, Oberon, Enceladus, Mimas ^[3] oleh Sir William Herschel

Kimia sunting

Ujian Marsh untuk Arsenik - James Marsh
Hukum Dalton dan Law of multiple proportions - John Dalton
Penemuan Buckminsterfullerene - Sir Harold Kroto
Pengasingan Natrium buat kali pertama - Humphry Davy

Komunikasi sunting

Uniform Penny Post - Rowland Hill et al.
Radio sawat jam ^[4] - Trevor Baylis
World Wide Web - Sir Tim Berners-Lee

Komputer sunting

Enjin analisis ^[5] - Sir Charles Babbage
ACE dan Pilot ACE ^[6] - Alan Turing
Bombe ^[6] - Alan Turing
Komputer Colossus ^[7] - Tommy Flowers
Enjin bezaan ^[5] - Sir Charles Babbage
Jaringan Sejagat ^[8] - Sir Tim Berners-Lee
ZX Spectrum - Sir Clive Sinclair

Pembuatan jam sunting

Lolosan tambat ^[9] - Robert Hooke
Spring imbang ^[10] - Robert Hooke (disputed - possibly invented by Christiaan Huygens of the Netherlands)
Grasshopper escapement, Gridiron pendulum, H1, H2, H3 and H4 watches (a watch built to solve the longitude measurement problem)^[11] - John Harrison

Pengilangan pakaian sunting

Derby Rib (stocking manufacture) - Jedediah Strutt
Flying shuttle - John Kay
Mauveine, the first synthetic organic dye - William Henry Perkin
Mesin tenun - Edmund Cartwright
Kerangka pintal - John Kay
Mesin pintal - James Hargreaves
Spinning mule - Samuel Crompton
Poliester - John Rex Whinfield

Penyulitan sunting

Playfair cipher - Charles Wheatstone

Kejuruteraan sunting

Sepanan boleh laras - Edwin Beard Budding
Cavity Magnetron - Dr Harry Boot
First coke-consuming blast furnace - Abraham Darby I
First working universal joint - Robert Hooke
First Compression-Ignition engine aka Diesel Engine - Herbert_Akroyd_Stuart
Enjin stim - Thomas Savery
Newcomen steam engine - Thomas Newcomen
- Modified version of the Newcomen steam engine (Pickard engine) - James Pickard
Pendulum Governor - Frederick Lanchester
The first screw-cutting lathe - Henry Maudslay
Disc Brakes - Frederick Williams
Enjin pembakaran dalam - Samuel Brown
Enjin jet - Sir Frank Whittle

Makanan sunting

Alat perkakas rumah sunting

Ballbarrow - James Dyson
Collapsible baby buggy - Owen Maclaren
Dyson DC01 - James Dyson
Pemadam api - George William Manby
Mesin rumput - Edwin Beard Budding
Gelang getah - Stephen Perry
Mentol lampu - Joseph Wilson Swan
Tin - Peter Durand
Skru gabus - Reverend Samuell Henshall
Perangkap tikus - James Henry Atkinson
Mesin jahit - Thomas Saint
Setem - Rowland Hill
Kertas tandas - British Perforated Paper Company
Pembersih hampagas - Hubert Cecil Booth

Proses industri sunting

English crucible steel - Benjamin Huntsman
Steel production Bessemer process - Henry Bessemer
Hydraulic press - Joseph Bramah
Parkesine, the first man-made plastic - Alexander Parkes
Simen Portland - Joseph Aspdin
Sheffield plate - Thomas Boulsover
Water frame - Richard Arkwright
Keluli tahan karat - Harry Brearley
Rubber Masticator - Thomas Hancock

Perubatan sunting

First correct description of circulation of the blood - William Harvey
Vaksin cacar - Edward Jenner
Antisepsis dalam pembedahan - Joseph Lister
Artificial intraocular lens transplant surgery for cataract patients - Harold Ridley
Clinical thermometer - Thomas Clifford Allbutt. ^[12]
Colour blindness first described by John Dalton in Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours ^[13]
Computed Tomography - Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield
Viagra - Peter Dunn, Albert Wood, Dr Nicholas Terrett
EKG (underlying principles) - various

Ketenteraan sunting

Congreve rocket - William Congreve
High explosive squash head - Sir Charles Dennistoun Burney
Puckle Gun - James Puckle
Shrapnel shell - Henry Shrapnel
Harrier Jump Jet - unknown
Kereta kebal - unknown
Dreadnought Battleship
Bailey Bridge - Donald Bailey

Perlombongan sunting

Alat muzik sunting

Konsertina - Charles Wheatstone

Fotografi sunting

Ambrotype - Frederick Scott Archer
Kalotaip - William Fox Talbot
Proses kolodion - Frederick Scott Archer
Stereoskop - Charles Wheatstone

Sains sunting

Compound microscope with 30x magnification - Robert Hooke
Universal Joint - Robert Hooke
The Iris diaphragm - Robert Hooke
Lolosan tambat dan spring imbang, which made more accurate clocks possible - Robert Hooke
Teori pembakar - Robert Hooke
Barometer, anemometer, and higrometer (direka atau diperbaiki) - Robert Hooke
Hukum Hooke (persamaan yang menerangkan kekenyalan) - Robert Hooke
Penjana elektrik (dinamo) - Michael Faraday
Galvanometer - William Sturgeon
Sinar inframerah - biasanya dianggap ditemui William Herschel.
Newtonian telescope - Sir Isaac Newton
Mikrometer - Sir William Gascoigne
- the first bench micrometer that was capable of measuring to one ten thousandth of an inch - Henry Maudslay
Sinclair Executive, the world's first small electronic pocket calculator - Sir Clive Sinclair
Pembaris gelongsor - William Oughtred ^[14]
Sintesis kumarin, one of the first synthetic perfumes, and cinnamic acid via the Perkin reaction- William Henry Perkin
Hukum Graviti - Sir Isaac Newton
Hukum gerakan Newton - Sir Isaac Newton
DNA fingerprinting - Sir Alec Jeffreys
Vaksin cacar - Edward Jenner
Elektromagnet - William Sturgeon
Dew Point Hygrometer - John Frederic Daniell
Jadual berkala - John Alexander Newlands
Seismograf - John Milne
Theori Evolusi - Charles Darwin

Pengangkutan sunting

Keretapi sunting

Lokomotif stim bergerak pertama - Richard Trevithick

Lokomotif sunting

Blücher - George Stephenson
Puffing Billy -William Hedley
Locomotion No 1 - Robert Stephenson
Sans Pareil - Timothy Hackworth
Stephenson's Rocket - George and Robert Stephenson

Pembangunan keretapi lain sunting

Displacement lubricator, Ramsbottom safety valve, the water trough, the split piston ring - John Ramsbottom

Darat sunting

Laut sunting

Plimsol line - Samuel Plimsoll
Hoverkraf - Christopher Cockerell
Lifeboat - Lionel Lukin
Resurgam - George Garrett
Turbinia, the first steam turbine powered steamship, designed by the Irish engineer Sir Charles Algernon Parsons and built in Newcastle upon Tyne
Kapal selam - William Bourne

Angkasa sunting

Sukan sunting

Bola sepak - Rules as know today were established in 1848 at Cambridge University
Ragbi - William Webb Ellis (questionable)
Kriket - The world's second-most popular sport can be traced back to the 13th Century

Lain-lain sunting

Waktu musim panas - William Willett ^[16]
Bayko - Charles Plimpton
Linoleum - Frederick Walton ^[17]
Meccano - Frank Hornby
Teka silang kata - Arthur Wynne
Topeng gas - John Tyndall and others
Steel-ribbed Umbrella - Samuel Fox

Lihat juga sunting

Rujukan sunting

^ "Tiscali encyclopaedia: Seed drill".
^ Account of a Comet, By Mr. Herschel, F. R. S.; Communicated by Dr. Watson, Jun. of Bath, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Volume 71, pp. 492-501
^ "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers".
^ "About TREVOR BAYLIS the inventor of the windup technology".
^ ^a ^b "From the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 70, 517-526, 645 (Errata) (1910) By Major-General H. P. Babbage".
^ ^a ^b "Turing biography".
^ "Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 5, Number 3, July 1983 . p239, The Design of Colossus, THOMAS H. FLOWERS".
^ "Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim BL".
^ "The Origin and Evolution of the Anchor Clock Escapement". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2004-02-26. Dicapai pada 2008-06-14.
^ A. R. Hall, "Horology and criticism: Robert Hooke", Studia Copernicana, XVI, Ossolineum, 1978, 261-81
^ "Longitude clock comes alive". 11 March 2002.
^ "1866." The People's Chronology. Ed. Jason M. Everett. Thomson Gale, 2006. eNotes.com. 2006. 13 May, 2007 <http://history.enotes.com/peoples-chronology/year-1866/medicine Diarkibkan 2007-10-12 di archive.today>
^ Dalton J, 1798 "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations" Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester 5 28-45
^ "The Oughtred Society: Slide Rule History". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-07-09. Dicapai pada 2008-06-14.
^ "The day Percy saw the light!". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2004-03-12. Dicapai pada 2008-06-14.
^ "The Waste of Daylight, 1907".
^ Frederick Walton : Oxford Biography Index entry

[1] "Tiscali encyclopaedia: Seed drill".

[2] Account of a Comet, By Mr. Herschel, F. R. S.; Communicated by Dr. Watson, Jun. of Bath, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Volume 71, pp. 492-501

[3] "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers".

[4] "About TREVOR BAYLIS the inventor of the windup technology".

[Babbage-5] "From the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 70, 517-526, 645 (Errata) (1910) By Major-General H. P. Babbage".

[Turing-6] "Turing biography".

[7] "Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 5, Number 3, July 1983 . p239, The Design of Colossus, THOMAS H. FLOWERS".

[8] "Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim BL".

[9] "The Origin and Evolution of the Anchor Clock Escapement". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2004-02-26. Dicapai pada 2008-06-14.

[10] A. R. Hall, "Horology and criticism: Robert Hooke", Studia Copernicana, XVI, Ossolineum, 1978, 261-81

[11] "Longitude clock comes alive". 11 March 2002.

[12] "1866." The People's Chronology. Ed. Jason M. Everett. Thomson Gale, 2006. eNotes.com. 2006. 13 May, 2007 <http://history.enotes.com/peoples-chronology/year-1866/medicine Diarkibkan 2007-10-12 di archive.today>

[13] Dalton J, 1798 "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations" Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester 5 28-45

[14] "The Oughtred Society: Slide Rule History". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-07-09. Dicapai pada 2008-06-14.

[15] "The day Percy saw the light!". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2004-03-12. Dicapai pada 2008-06-14.

[16] "The Waste of Daylight, 1907".

[17] Frederick Walton : Oxford Biography Index entry

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