Perkauman institusi

Perkauman institusi (juga dikenali sebagai perkauman sistemik) ialah satu bentuk rasisme yang diselitkan sebagai amalan biasa dalam masyarakat atau organisasi. Ini boleh menyebabkan masalah seperti diskriminasi dalam keadilan jenayah, pekerjaan, perumahan, penjagaan kesihatan, kekuatan politik dan pendidikan, antara lain.^[1]

Istilah "perkauman institusi" pertama kali dicetuskan pada tahun 1967 oleh Stokely Carmichael dan Charles V. Hamilton dalam Black Power: The Politics of Liberation.^[2] Carmichael dan Hamilton menulis bahawa walaupun perkauman individu sering dikenali kerana sifatnya yang terang-terangan, perkauman institusi kurang dapat dilihat kerana sifatnya yang "kurang terang-terangan, jauh lebih halus". Perkauman institusi "berasal dari operasi kekuatan yang mapan dan dihormati dalam masyarakat, dan dengan demikian menerima kecaman masyarakat jauh lebih sedikit daripada [perkauman individu]".^[3]

Rasisme institusi didefinisikan oleh Sir William Macpherson dalam laporan Lawrence di UK (1999) sebagai: "Kegagalan kolektif sebuah organisasi untuk memberikan layanan yang sesuai dan profesional kepada orang-orang kerana warna, budaya, atau etnik mereka. Ia dapat dilihat atau dikesan dalam proses, sikap dan tingkah laku yang membawa kepada diskriminasi melalui prasangka, kejahilan, pemikiran dan stereotaip perkauman yang merugikan etnik minoriti."^[4]^[5]

Rujukan sunting

^ Amy Harmon; Apoorva Mandavilli; Sapna Maheshwari; Jodi Kantor (13 June 2020). "From Cosmetics to NASCAR, Calls for Racial Justice Are Spreading". The New York Times.
^ "Institutional". Oxford English Dictionary (ed. Second edition on CD-ROM Version 4.0). Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-956383-8.
^ Carmichael, Stokely; Hamilton, Charles V. (1967). Black Power: Politics of Liberation (ed. November 1992). New York: Vintage. m/s. 4. ISBN 978-0679743132.
^ "The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny" (PDF). Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 23 November 2017. Dicapai pada 12 February 2018.
^ Home Office, The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny, Cm 4262-I, February 1999, para 6.34 (cited in Macpherson Report—Ten Years On in 2009); available on the official British Parliament Website.

Pautan luar sunting

Institutional Racism and the Police Institutional Racism and the Police: Fact or Fiction?, Civitas thinktank pamphlet about the Macpherson Report
Paying the Price: The Human Cost of Racial Profiling On causes and effects of institutional racism in the Canadian criminal justice system
Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration
Crack Cocaine Sentencing Policy: Unjustified and Unreasonable
Robert R. McKay, "Mexican Americans and Repatriation," Handbook of Texas Online, accessed 12 July 2015. Uploaded on 15 June 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Peter Ward, White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978), 132.
When no longer needed to build the railroad, they dispersed along the line into chinatowns, as married singles
The visible minority population in Canada: A review of numbers, growth and labour force issues
Scrip: For discussions on this topic, see Gerhard Ens, Homeland to Hinterland: The Changing Worlds of the Red River Métis in the Nineteenth Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); "Métis Scrip," in S. Corrigan and J. Sawchuk, eds., The Recognition of Aboriginal Rights (Brandon: Bearpaw Publishing, 1996), p. 47-57; and Thomas Flanagan, "The Market for Métis Lands in Manitoba: An Exploratory Study," Prairie Forum 16, 1 (1991), p. 1-20.
Canada Consolidation Indian Act R.S.C., 1985, c. I-5 Current to 9 June 2015. Last amended on 2 April 2015 and published by the Minister of Justice at the following address: "Justice Laws Website" / "Site Web de la législation (Justice)", Government of Canada

[1] Amy Harmon; Apoorva Mandavilli; Sapna Maheshwari; Jodi Kantor (13 June 2020). "From Cosmetics to NASCAR, Calls for Racial Justice Are Spreading". The New York Times.

[2] "Institutional". Oxford English Dictionary (ed. Second edition on CD-ROM Version 4.0). Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-956383-8.

[3] Carmichael, Stokely; Hamilton, Charles V. (1967). Black Power: Politics of Liberation (ed. November 1992). New York: Vintage. m/s. 4. ISBN 978-0679743132.

[4] "The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny" (PDF). Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 23 November 2017. Dicapai pada 12 February 2018.

[5] Home Office, The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny, Cm 4262-I, February 1999, para 6.34 (cited in Macpherson Report—Ten Years On in 2009); available on the official British Parliament Website.

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