Bahasa-bahasa Dravidia
(Dilencongkan daripada Bahasa Dravidia)
Bahasa-bahasa Dravidia | |
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Taburan geografi: | Asia Selatan |
Pembahagian: |
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ISO 639-2 / 5: | dra |
Bahasa-bahasa Dravidia mengandungi sekurang-kurangnya 73 buah bahasa[1] yang dituturkan di Selatan India dan timur laut Sri Lanka, serta sesetangah kawasan di Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, timur India, dan tangah India, serta bahagian di Afghanistan dan Iran, dan negara-negara seperti UK, AS, Kanada, Malaysia, dan Singapura.
Nombor
suntingNumber | Bahasa Tamil | Bahasa Telugu | Bahasa Kannada | Bahasa Tulu | Bahasa Malayalam | Bahasa Kurukh | Bahasa Kolami | Bahasa Brahui | Bahasa Proto-Dravidia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | onru | okaṭi | ondu | onji | onnu | oṇṭa | okkod | asiṭ | *oru(1) |
2 | iraṇṭu | renḍu | eraḍu | raḍḍu | randu | indiŋ | irāṭ | irāṭ | *iru(2) |
3 | mūnru | mūḍu | mūru | mūji | mūnnu | mūnd | mūndiŋ | musiṭ | *muC |
4 | nālu, nālku, nānku | nālugu | nālku | nālu | nālu | nākh | nāliŋ | čār (II) | *nāl |
5 | aintu | ayidu | aidu | ainu | añcu | pancē (II) | ayd(3) | panč (II) | *cayN |
6 | āru | āru | āru | āji | āru | soyyē (II) | ār(3) | šaš (II) | *caru |
7 | ēẓu | ēḍu | ēlu | ēlu | ēẓu | sattē (II) | ēḍ(3) | haft (II) | *eẓu |
8 | eṭṭu | enimidi | eṇṭu | ēṇma | eṭṭu | aṭṭhē (II) | enumadī (3) | hašt (II) | *eṭṭu |
9 | onpatu | tommidi | ombattu | ormba | onpatu | naiṃyē (II) | tomdī (3) | nōh (II) | *toḷ |
10 | pattu | padi | hattu | pattu | pathu | dassē (II) | padī (3) | dah (II) | *pat(tu) |
- This is the same as another word meaning "one" in another sense in Tamil and Malayalam - the distinction is as between Spanish "un" and "uno".
- This is still found in compound words, and has taken on a meaning of "double" in Tamil and Malayalam. For example, irupatu (20, literally meaning "double-ten") or "iraṭṭi" ("double") or Iruvar (meaning two people).
- Kolami numbers 5-10 are borrowed from Telugu
- Words indicated (II) are borrowings from Indo-Iranian languages.
Lihat juga
suntingCatatan
suntingRujukan
sunting- Caldwell, R., A comparative grammar of the Dravidian, or, South-Indian family of languages, London: Harrison, 1856.; Reprinted London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd., 1913; rev. ed. by J.L. Wyatt and T. Ramakrishna Pillai, Madras, University of Madras, 1961, reprint Asian Educational Services, 1998. ISBN 81-206-0117-3
- Campbell, A.D., A grammar of the Teloogoo language, commonly termed the Gentoo, peculiar to the Hindoos inhabiting the northeastern provinces of the Indian peninsula, 3d ed. Madras, Printed at the Hindu Press, 1849.
- Krishnamurti, B., The Dravidian Languages, Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-77111-0
- Subrahmanyam, P.S., Dravidian Comparative Phonology, Annamalai University, 1983.
- Zvelebil, Kamil., Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction", PILC (Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture), 1990
- Zvelebil, Kamil., Tamil Literature, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1975, ISBN 90-04-04190-7
- Kuiper, F.B.J., Aryans in the Rig Veda", Rodopi, 1991, ISBN 90-5183-307-5 (CIP)
- Witzel, Michael, Early Sources for South Asian Substrate Languages.Boston, "Mother Tongue", extra number 1999[1]
- Trask, Robert Lawrence (2000). The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 1579582184. Cite has empty unknown parameter:
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(bantuan)
Pautan luar
sunting- Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. The complete dravidian etymological dictionary in a searchable online form.
- Dravidian languages page in SIL Ethnologue.
- Dravidian from Etruscan Diarkibkan 2009-03-26 di Wayback Machine Paper claiming a relationship between Dravidian and Etruscan.
- Dravidian origin of the Guanches. A paper claiming a Dravidian origin for the language of the Guanches.
- Tamil and Japanese
- http://www.brahui.tk Diarkibkan 2008-06-07 di Wayback Machine A site by Shafique-Ur-Rehman, Its all about Brahui People live mostly in Balochistan, Pakistan.
- A subsection of the "Languages of the World" Site maintained by the National Virtual Translation Center in Washington DC.