Pendudukan tentera

Pendudukan tentera atau penjajahan perang, hanya disebut pendudukan, ialah pengawalan sementara oleh kuasa memerintah keatas suatu wilayah, tanpa tuntutan formal kedaulatan.^[1]^[2]^[3] Wilayah ini kemudian dikenali sebagai wilayah yang diduduki dan kuasa memerintah dipanggil penjajah.^[4] Istilah pendudukan dibezakan dari pengilhakan dan kolonialisme oleh jangka masa sementara yang dimaksudkan.^[3]^[5] Walaupun sesebuah negara penjajah boleh mendirikan kerajaan tentera formal di wilayah taklukan untuk memudahkan pentadbirannya, ia bukan syarat yang diperlukan untuk pendudukan.^[6]

Undang-undang pendudukan dijelaskan dalam pelbagai perjanjian antarabangsa, terutamanya Konvensyen Hague tahun 1907, Konvensyen Geneva tahun 1949 serta amalan kenegaraan yang sedia ada. Konvensyen antarabangsa yang relevan, iaitu Komentar Jawatankuasa Antarabangsa Palang Merah (ICRC), dan perjanjian lain oleh para cendiakawan tentera menyediakan garis panduan mengenai topik tersebut sebagai hak dan tugas-tugas kuasa penjajah, perlindungan orang awam, layanan tawanan perang, koordinasi kempen bantuan, pemberian dokumen perjalanan, hak milik penduduk, pengurusan objek seni dan budaya, pengurusan pelarian, dan masalah lain yang sangat penting sebelum dan selepas permusuhan tamat. Negara yang memulakan pendudukan dan melanggar norma-norma yang disepakati di peringkat antarabangsa akan menghadapi risiko kecaman, kritikan, atau penghinaan. Pada zaman sekarang, amalan pendudukan telah menjadi sebahagian daripada undang-undang adat antarabangsa, dan menjadi sebahagian dari undang-undang perang.

Lihat juga

Rujukan

^ A Roberts. Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 - Am. J. Int'l L., 1990, p. 47.
^ Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-691-12130-3, ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7, p. 43
^ ^a ^b David M. Edelstein. 2004. "Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail." International Security.
^ Fabre, Cécile. "Living with the enemy: the ethics of belligerent occupation" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2018-11-30. Dicapai pada 2018-11-30.
^ Stirk, Peter (2009). The Politics of Military Occupation. Edinburgh University Press. m/s. 44. ISBN 9780748636716. The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into something else, namely annexation
^ Roberts, Adam (1985). "What is a Military Occupation?". British Yearbook of International Law. 55: 249–305. doi:10.1093/bybil/55.1.249.

Bacaan lanjut

Simon Collard-Wexler. 2013. Understanding Resistance to Foreign Occupation. PhD thesis, Columbia University.
Occupied territory - the legal issues, legal provisions regarding occupation of territory by hostile power and implications for people protected by IHL.
David Kretzmer, Occupation of Justice: The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories. State University of New York Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7914-5338-3; ISBN 0-7914-5337-5
Sander D. Dikker Hupkes, What Constitutes Occupation? Israel as the occupying power in the Gaza Strip after the Disengagement, Leiden: Jongbloed 2008, 110 pages, ISBN 978-90-70062-45-3 Openacces
Belligerent Occupation
The Law of Belligerent Occupation Michal N. Schmitt (regarding occupation of Iraq)
Law of Belligerent Occupation, Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army
Military Government and Martial Law, by William E. Birkhimer, third edition, revised (1914), Kansas City, Missouri, Franklin Hudson Publishing Co.
FM 27-10 "The Law of Land Warfare," DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, WASHINGTON 25, D.C., 18 July 1956. (This manual supersedes FM 27–10, 1 October 1940, including C 1, 15 November 1944. Changes required on 15 July 1976, have been incorporated within this document.) Chapter 6, OCCUPATION [1]
Bellal, A. (editor). (2015) The war report: Armed conflict in 2014. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Pautan luar

Templat:Autonomous types of first-tier administration

[1] A Roberts. Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 - Am. J. Int'l L., 1990, p. 47.

[Benv-2] Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-691-12130-3, ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7, p. 43

[:0-3] David M. Edelstein. 2004. "Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail." International Security.

[4] Fabre, Cécile. "Living with the enemy: the ethics of belligerent occupation" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2018-11-30. Dicapai pada 2018-11-30.

[5] Stirk, Peter (2009). The Politics of Military Occupation. Edinburgh University Press. m/s. 44. ISBN 9780748636716. The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into something else, namely annexation

[6] Roberts, Adam (1985). "What is a Military Occupation?". British Yearbook of International Law. 55: 249–305. doi:10.1093/bybil/55.1.249.

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