Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet

Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet ialah sebuah keluarga bahasa yang terdiri daripada lebih 400 bahasa yang ditutur di Asia Timur, Asia Tenggara dan sebahagian Asia Selatan. Keluarga ini merupakan keluarga bahasa kedua terbesar selepas bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah dalam istilah bilangan penutur asli. Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet dengan penutur asli terbanyak ialah bahasa Cina (1.2 bilion penutur), Burma (33 juta) dan bahasa-bahasa Tibet (8 juta). Banyak bahasa Sino-Tibet ditutur oleh masyarakat kecil di kawasan gunung terpencil dan kurang didokumenkan.

Sino-Tibet
Taburan geografi:	Asia Timur, Asia Tenggara, Asia Selatan
Klasifikasi bahasa:	Salah satu keluarga bahasa utama dunia
Pembahagian:	Kira-kira 40 kumpulan peringkat rendah yang mantap (lihat Van Driem (2011), beberapa yang tidak tergolong dalam Sino-Tibet langsung Banyak cadangan pengkumpulan peringkat tinggi Bahagian tradisional: Sinitik vs. yang lain (Tibeto-Burma)
ISO 639-2 / 5:	sit
Glottolog:	sino1245
Peluasan pelbagai cabang Sino-Tibet

Rujukan

Sumber

• Baxter, William H. (1992), A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-012324-1.
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• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002a), "Introduction", dalam Beckwith, Christopher (penyunting), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages, Brill, m/s. xiii–xix, ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.
• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002b), "The Sino-Tibetan problem", dalam Beckwith, Christopher (penyunting), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages, Brill, m/s. 113–158, ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.
• Benedict, Paul K. (1942), "Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia", American Anthropologist, 44 (4): 576–601, doi:10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040, JSTOR 663309.
• Benedict, Paul K. (1972), Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus (PDF), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08175-7.
• Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2013), "Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of North East Indian languages", dalam Hill, Nathan W.; Owen-Smith, Thomas (penyunting), Trans-Himalayan Linguistics, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, m/s. 71–104, ISBN 978-3-11-031083-2.
• Bodman, Nicholas C. (1980), "Proto-Chinese and Sino-Tibetan: data towards establishing the nature of the relationship", dalam van Coetsem, Frans; Waugh, Linda R. (penyunting), Contributions to historical linguistics: issues and materials, Leiden: E. J. Brill, m/s. 34–199, ISBN 978-90-04-06130-9.
• Burling, Robbins (1983), "The Sal Languages" (PDF), Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 7 (2): 1–32.
• DeLancey, Scott (2009), "Sino-Tibetan languages", dalam Comrie, Bernard (penyunting), The World's Major Languages (ed. 2nd), Routledge, m/s. 693–702, ISBN 978-1-134-26156-7.
• van Driem, George (1987), A grammar of Limbu, Mouton grammar library, 4, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-011282-5.
• van Driem, George (1997), "Sino-Bodic", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 60 (3): 455–488, doi:10.1017/S0041977X0003250X.
• van Driem, George (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.
• van Driem, George L. (2011a), "Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar", Himalayan Linguistics Journal, 10 (1): 31–39, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-01-12, dicapai pada 2015-01-25.
• van Driem, George (2011b), "The Trans-Himalayan phylum and its implications for population prehistory" (PDF), Communication on Contemporary Anthropology, 5: 135–142, doi:10.4236/coca.2011.51020, diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2013-06-06, dicapai pada 2015-01-25.
• Dryer, Matthew S. (2003), "Word order in Sino-Tibetan languages from a typological and geographical perspective", dalam Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (penyunting), The Sino-Tibetan languages, London: Routledge, m/s. 43–55, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
• Gong, Hwang-cherng (1980), "A Comparative Study of the Chinese, Tibetan, and Burmese Vowel Systems", Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 51: 455–489.
• Hale, Austin (1982), Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages, State-of-the-art report, Trends in linguistics, 14, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-90-279-3379-9.
• Handel, Zev (2008), "What is Sino-Tibetan? Snapshot of a Field and a Language Family in Flux", Language and Linguistics Compass, 2 (3): 422–441, doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00061.x.
• Hill, Nathan W. (2012), "The six vowel hypothesis of Old Chinese in comparative context", Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 6 (2): 1–69.
• Hill, Nathan W. (2014), "Cognates of Old Chinese *-n, *-r, and *-j in Tibetan and Burmese", Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 43 (2): 91–109
• Klaproth, Julius (1823), Asia Polyglotta, Paris: B.A. Shubart.
• Kuhn, Ernst (1889), "Beiträge zur Sprachenkunde Hinterindiens" (PDF), Sitzungsberichte der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Philologische und Historische Klasse, Sitzung vom 2 März 1889: 189–236.
• LaPolla, Randy J. (2003), "Overview of Sino-Tibetan morphosyntax", dalam Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (penyunting), The Sino-Tibetan languages, London: Routledge, m/s. 22–42, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
• Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., penyunting (2013), Ethnologue: Languages of the World (ed. Seventeenth), Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
• Li, Fang-Kuei (1937), "Languages and Dialects", dalam Shih, Ch'ao-ying; Chang, Ch'i-hsien (penyunting), The Chinese Year Book, Commercial Press, m/s. 59–65, reprinted as Li, Fang-Kuei (1973), "Languages and Dialects of China", Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1 (1): 1–13.
• Logan, James R. (1856), "The Maruwi of the Baniak Islands", Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, 1 (1): 1–42.
• Logan, James R. (1858), "The West-Himalaic or Tibetan tribes of Asam, Burma and Pegu", Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, 2 (1): 68–114.
• Matisoff, James A. (1991), "Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects", Annual Review of Anthropology, 20: 469–504, doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.20.1.469, JSTOR 2155809.
• Matisoff, James A. (2000), "On 'Sino-Bodic' and Other Symptoms of Neosubgroupitis", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 63 (3): 356–369, doi:10.1017/s0041977x00008442, JSTOR 1559492.
• Matisoff, James A. (2003), Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-09843-5.
• Miller, Roy Andrew (1974), "Sino-Tibetan: Inspection of a Conspectus", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 94 (2): 195–209, JSTOR 600891.
• Przyluski, J.; Luce, G. H. (1931), "The Number 'A Hundred' in Sino-Tibetan", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 6 (3): 667–668, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093150.
• Sagart, Laurent (2005), "Sino-Tibetan–Austronesian: an updated and improved argument", dalam Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (penyunting), The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, London: Routledge Curzon, m/s. 161–176, ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.
• Sapir, Edward (1925), "Review: Les Langues du Monde", Modern Language Notes, 40 (6): 373–375, JSTOR 2914102.
• Shafer, Robert (1952), "Athapaskan and Sino-Tibetan", International Journal of American Linguistics, 18 (1): 12–19, doi:10.1086/464142, JSTOR 1263121.
• Shafer, Robert (1955), "Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages", Word (Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York), 11 (1): 94–111.
• Shafer, Robert (1966), Introduction to Sino-Tibetan, 1, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, ISBN 978-3-447-01559-2.
• Sharma, Devidatta (1988), A Descriptive Grammar of Kinnauri, Mittal Publications, ISBN 978-81-7099-049-9.
• Thurgood, Graham (2003), "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages", dalam Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (penyunting), The Sino-Tibetan languages, London: Routledge, m/s. 3–21, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.

Umum

• Bauman, James (1974), "Pronominal Verb Morphology in Tibeto-Burman" (PDF), Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 1 (1): 108–155.
• Baxter, William H. (1995), "'A Stronger Affinity ... Than Could Have Been Produced by Accident': A Probabilistic Comparison of Old Chinese and Tibeto-Burman", dalam Wang, William S.-Y. (penyunting), The Ancestry of the Chinese Language, Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monographs, 8, Berkeley: Project on Linguistic Analysis, m/s. 1–39.
• Benedict, Paul K. (1976), "Sino-Tibetan: Another Look", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 96 (2): 167–197, JSTOR 599822.
• Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2013-05-26, dicapai pada 2015-01-25.
• Coblin, W. South (1986), A Sinologist's Handlist of Sino-Tibetan Lexical Comparisons, Monumenta Serica monograph series, 18, Nettetal: Steyler Verlag, ISBN 978-3-87787-208-6.
• van Driem, George (1995), "Black Mountain Conjugational Morphology, Proto-Tibeto-Burman Morphosyntax, and the Linguistic Position of Chinese" (PDF), Senri Ethnological Studies, 41: 229–259.
• van Driem, George (2003), "Tibeto-Burman vs. Sino-Tibetan", dalam Winter, Werner; Bauer, Brigitte L. M.; Pinault, Georges-Jean (penyunting), Language in time and space: a Festschrift for Werner Winter on the occasion of his 80th birthday, Walter de Gruyter, m/s. 101–119, ISBN 978-3-11-017648-3.
• Gong, Hwang-cherng (2002), Hàn Zàng yǔ yánjiū lùnwén jí 漢藏語硏究論文集, Taipei: Academia Sinica, ISBN 957-671-872-4.
• Jacques, Guillaume (2006), "La morphologie du sino-tibétain", La linguistique comparative en France aujourd'hui.
• Kuhn, Ernst (1883), Über Herkunft und Sprache der transgangetischen Völker, Munich: Verlag d. k. b. Akademie, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2014-04-07, dicapai pada 2015-01-25.
• Starostin, Sergei; Peiros, Ilia (1996), A Comparative Vocabulary of Five Sino-Tibetan Languages, Melbourne University Press, OCLC 53387435.

Pautan luar

• James Matisoff, Tibeto-Burman languages and their subgrouping
• The Genetic Position of Chinese, by Guillaume Jacques
• Sino-Tibetan at the Linguist List MultiTree Project: Genealogical trees attributed to Conrady 1896, Benedict 1942, Shafer 1955, Benedict 1972, Egerod 1991, Matisoff & Namkung 1996, Peiros 1998, Thurgood & LaPolla 2003, and Matisoff 2006. (The tree attributed to Bradley 2007 does not correspond to that article.)

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