Parti Konservatif (United Kingdom)
Parti Konservatif, juga dikenali sebagai Parti Kesatuan dan Konservatif, merupakan parti berhaluan tengah-kanan dan kerap kali memenangi di dalam pilihan raya umum United Kingdom.
Parti Konservatif | |
---|---|
Pemimpin | Rishi Sunak |
Pengerusi Bersama | Andrew Stephenson Jake Berry[1] |
Ditubuhkan | Bersejarah 1678, Moden 1912 |
Ibu pejabat | Conservative Campaign Headquarters, 30 Millbank, London, SW1P 4DP |
Ideologi | Umum: Konservatisme, Kesatuan British, Puak dalaman:[2] Konservatisme liberal,[3] Libertarianisme, Konservatisme satu negara, Thatcherisme, Konservatisme tradisionalis |
Kedudukan politik | Pertengahan kanan |
Penggabungan Eropah | Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists |
Penggabungan antarabangsa | International Democrat Union |
Kumpulan Parlimen Eropah | European Conservatives and Reformists |
Warna | Biru |
Dewan Rakyat | 365 / 650
|
Dewan Pertuanan | 250 / 724
|
Parlimen Eropah | 20 / 73
|
Dewan Undangan London | 8 / 25
|
Parlimen Scotland | 31 / 129
|
Dewan Undangan Wales | 12 / 60
|
Kerajaan tempatan[4][5] | 9,405 / 21,871
|
Laman sesawang | |
http://www.conservatives.com/ | |
Politik United Kingdom Parti politik Pilihan raya |
Pada pilihan raya umum United Kingdom 2017, Parti Konservatif memperoleh jumlah kerusi terbesar walaupun kehilangan majoriti untuk memerintah. Namun begitu, Parti Konservatif berjaya menubuhkan kerajaan campuran bersama Parti Kesatuan Demokratik (DUP) dari Ireland Utara. Parti ini merupakan antara dua parti yang paling berpengaruh di United Kingdom selain daripada Parti Buruh. Parti Konservatif merupakan parti kedua terbesar di Parlimen Scotland dan parti terbesar di Parlimen Ireland Utara. Parti Konservatif juga merupakan parti utama di Wilayah Seberang Laut Britain di Gibraltar.
Parti ini diketuai Rishi Sunak yang turut merupakan Perdana Menteri United Kingdom terkini menggantikan Liz Truss sejak 24 Oktober 2022.
Sejarah
suntingKeputusan pilihan raya
suntingPilihan raya umum | Pemimpin | Undi | Kerusi | kedudukan | Kerajaan | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | ± | ||||
1835 | Sir Robert Peel | 261,269 | 40.8% | 273 / 658
|
▲98 | ▬ 2 | Whig (Whig) |
1837 | Sir Robert Peel | 379,694 | 48.3% | 314 / 658
|
▲41 | ▬ 2 | Whig (Whig) |
1841 | Sir Robert Peel | 379,694 | 56.9% | 367 / 658
|
▲53 | ▲ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
1847 | The Earl of Derby | 205,481 | 42.7% | 325 / 656 Termasuk Peelite
|
▼42 | ▬ 1 | Whig (Whig) |
1852 | The Earl of Derby | 311,481 | 41.9% | 330 / 654 Termasuk Peelite
|
▲5 | ▬ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
1857 | The Earl of Derby | 239,712 | 34.0% | 264 / 654
|
▼66 | ▼ 2 | Whig (Whig) |
1859 | The Earl of Derby | 193,232 | 34.3% | 298 / 654
|
▲34 | ▬ 2 | Whig (Whig) |
1865 | The Earl of Derby | 346,035 | 40.5% | 289 / 658
|
▼9 | ▬ 2 | Liberal (Liberal) |
1868[fn 1] | Benjamin Disraeli | 903,318 | 38.4% | 271 / 658
|
▼18 | ▬ 2 | Liberal (Liberal) |
1874 | Benjamin Disraeli | 1,091,708 | 44.3% | 350 / 652
|
▲79 | ▲ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
1880 | The Earl of Beaconsfield | 1,462,351 | 42.5% | 237 / 652
|
▼113 | ▼ 2 | Liberal (Liberal) |
1885[fn 2] | Lord Salisbury | 2,020,927 | 43.5% | 247 / 670
|
▲10 | ▬ 2 | Liberal minority (Liberal-Konservatif) |
1886 | Lord Salisbury | 1,520,886 | 51.1% | 317 / 670
|
▲70 | ▲ 1 | Conservative–Liberal Unionist (Kesatuan Liberal) |
1892 | Lord Salisbury | 2,159,150 | 47.0% | 268 / 670
|
▼49 | ▼ 2 | Liberal (Liberal) |
1895 | Lord Salisbury | 1,894,772 | 49.0% | 340 / 670
|
▲72 | ▲ 1 | Conservative–Liberal Unionist (Kesatuan Liberal) |
1900 | Lord Salisbury | 1,767,958 | 50.3% | 335 / 670
|
▼5 | ▬ 1 | Conservative–Liberal Unionist (Kesatuan Liberal) |
1906 | Arthur Balfour | 2,422,071 | 43.4% | 131 / 670
|
▼204 | ▼ 2 | Liberal (Liberal) |
Januari 1910 | Arthur Balfour | 3,104,407 | 46.8% | 240 / 670
|
▲109 | ▬ 2 | Liberal minority (Liberal-Konservatif) |
Disember 1910 | Arthur Balfour | 2,420,169 | 46.6% | 235 / 670
|
▼5 | ▬ 2 | Liberal minority (Liberal-Konservatif) |
Bergabung dengan Liberal Unionist Party pada tahun 1912 dan membentuk Conservative and Unionist Party | |||||||
1918[fn 3] | Bonar Law | 3,472,738 | 33.3% | 379 / 707 332 dipilih bersama Coupon
|
▲108 | ▲ 1 | Coalition Liberal–Conservative (Liberal-Konservatif) |
1922 | Bonar Law | 5,294,465 | 38.5% | 344 / 615
|
▼35 | ▬ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
1923 | Stanley Baldwin | 5,286,159 | 38.0% | 258 / 625
|
▼86 | ▬ 1 | Labour minority (Buruh-Konservatif) |
1924 | Stanley Baldwin | 7,418,983 | 46.8% | 412 / 615
|
▲124 | ▬ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
1929[fn 4] | Stanley Baldwin | 8,252,527 | 38.1% | 260 / 615
|
▼152 | ▼ 2 | Labour minority (Buruh-Konservatif) |
1931 | Stanley Baldwin | 11,377,022 | 55.0% | 470 / 615
|
▲210 | ▲ 1 | National Labour–Conservative–Liberal (Konservatif-Buruh Kebangsaan) |
1935 | Stanley Baldwin | 10,025,083 | 47.8% | 386 / 615
|
▼83 | ▬ 1 | Conservative–National Labour–Liberal National (Konservatif-Buruh Kebangsaan) |
1945 | Winston Churchill | 8,716,211 | 36.2% | 197 / 640
|
▼189 | ▼ 2 | Labour (Buruh) |
1950 | Winston Churchill | 11,507,061 | 40.0% | 282 / 625
|
▲85 | ▬ 2 | Labour (Buruh) |
1951 | Winston Churchill | 13,724,418 | 48.0% | 302 / 625
|
▲20 | ▲ 1 | Conservative–National Liberal (Konservatif-Liberal Kebangsaan) |
1955 | Anthony Eden | 13,310,891 | 49.7% | 324 / 630
|
▲22 | ▬ 1 | Conservative–National Liberal (Konservatif-Liberal Kebangsaan) |
1959 | Harold Macmillan | 13,750,875 | 49.4% | 345 / 630
|
▲21 | ▬ 1 | Conservative–National Liberal (Konservatif-Liberal Kebangsaan) |
1964 | Sir Alec Douglas-Home | 12,002,642 | 43.4% | 298 / 630
|
▼47 | ▼ 2 | Labour (Buruh) |
1966 | Edward Heath | 11,418,455 | 41.9% | 250 / 630
|
▼48 | ▬ 2 | Labour (Buruh) |
1970[fn 5] | Edward Heath | 13,145,123 | 46.4% | 330 / 630
|
▲80 | ▲ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
Februari 1974 | Edward Heath | 11,872,180 | 37.9% | 297 / 635
|
▼33 | ▼ 2 | Labour minority (Buruh-Konservatif) |
Oktober 1974 | Edward Heath | 10,462,565 | 35.8% | 277 / 635
|
▼20 | ▬ 2 | Labour (Buruh) |
1979 | Margaret Thatcher | 13,697,923 | 43.9% | 339 / 635
|
▲62 | ▲ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
1983 | Margaret Thatcher | 13,012,316 | 42.4% | 397 / 650
|
▲38 | ▬ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
1987 | Margaret Thatcher | 13,760,935 | 42.2% | 376 / 650
|
▼21 | ▬ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
1992 | John Major | 14,093,007 | 41.9% | 336 / 651
|
▼40 | ▬ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
1997 | John Major | 9,600,943 | 30.7% | 165 / 659
|
▼171 | ▼ 2 | Labour (Buruh) |
2001 | William Hague | 8,357,615 | 31.7% | 166 / 659
|
▲1 | ▬ 2 | Labour (Buruh) |
2005 | Michael Howard | 8,785,941 | 32.4% | 198 / 646
|
▲32 | ▬ 2 | Labour (Buruh) |
2010 | David Cameron | 10,704,647 | 36.1% | 306 / 650
|
▲108 | ▲ 1 | Conservative–Liberal Democrats (Konservatif-Liberal Demokratik) |
2015 | David Cameron | 11,334,920 | 36.9% | 330 / 650
|
▲24 | ▬ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
2017 | Theresa May | 13,632,914 | 42.3% | 317 / 650
|
▼13 | ▬ 1 | Conservative minority (Konservatif–DUP) |
2019 | Boris Johnson | 13,966,565 | 43.6% | 365 / 650
|
▲48 | ▬ 1 | Conservative (Konservatif) |
- Nota
- ^ Pilihan raya pertama di bawah Akta Pembaharuan 1867.
- ^ Pilihan raya pertama di bawah Akta Perwakilan Rakyat 1884 dan Akta Pengagihan Kerusi 1885.
- ^ Pilihan raya pertama di bawah Akta Perwakilan Rakyat Tahun 1918 yang membenarkan kaum lelaki berumur 21 tahun dan keatas dan kaum perempuan berumur 30 tahun fmdan keatas boleh mengundi.
- ^ Pilihan raya pertama di bawah Akta Perwakilan Rakyat 1928 yang membenarkan kaum wanita berumur 21 tahun dan keatas mengundi.
- ^ Had umur rakyat Britain untuk mengundi digubal dari umur 18 hingga 20 tahun dan keatas di bawah Akta Perwailan Rakyat 1969.
Hubungan diplomatik antara United Kingdom dan Malaysia
suntingMenurut Tunku Zain Al-'Abidin ibni Tuanku Muhriz daripada IDEAS menyatakan beberapa orang pemimpin Parti Konservatif juga membantu Malaysia selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. Antaranya David Gammans dan Lord Marchwood berjasa menolong para pejuang kemerdekaan menentang Malayan Union. Malaysia menandatangani Perjanjian Pertahanan Lima Negara dengan Perdana Menteri daripada Parti Konservatif Edward Heath. Perjanjian ini terus memberi manfaat kepada negara Malaysia. Margaret Thatcher dan John Major pernah melawat Malaysia semasa menjadi Perdana Menteri United Kingdom. Malangnya Tony Blair, bekas Perdana Menteri Parti Buruh hanya melawat Malaysia setelah pencen. Malah Tony Blair menyokong George W. Bush habis-habisan semasa mahu menjajah Iraq pada 2003.
Prinsip 1Malaysia juga menyamai konsep "Konservatisme Satu Negara (One Nation Conservatism)" yang diperkenalkan oleh Margaret Thatcher. Pada 1986, Margaret Thatcher menyatakan dasar Penswastaan dipelajari dan dikuti dari Malaysia hingga ke Mexico.
Dasar liberalisasi pasaran di Britain yang dipelopori oleh Margaret Thatcher membawa kepada pembangunan yang pesat. Margaret Thatcher berjaya menyekat penganut fahaman sosialis dan marxist dalam pelbagai kesatuan sekerja yang cuba menghalang pembangunan.[6]
Rujukan
sunting- ^ "These New Conservative Party Ministers Have Just Been Revealed".
- ^ Andrew Sparrow (17 Disember 2009). "Only 12% of Tory MPs choose Cameronism as political philosophy". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Pemimpin parti kini David Cameron menyatakan yang beliau seorang konservatif liberal (James Kirkup (3 September 2008). "David Cameron rejects neo-conservative foreign policy". Telegraph.co.uk. London. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2008-09-07. Dicapai pada 2 Julai 2009.)
- ^ Keith Edkins (30 November 2009). "Local Council Political Compositions". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2019-01-07. Dicapai pada 2 Disember 2009.
- ^ Nicholas Whyte (10 Mei 2005). "The 2005 Local Government Elections in Northern Ireland". Northern Ireland Social and Political Archive. Dicapai pada 2 Disember 2009.
- ^ Eratkan hubungan dengan Parti Konservatif
Bibliografi
sunting- Bale, Tim (2011). The Conservative Party: From Thatcher to Cameron. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-4858-3.
- Blake, Robert (2011). The Conservative Party from Peel to Major (ed. 4th). London: Faber Finds.
- Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor. The Growth of the British Party System Volume I: 1640–1923 (1965); The Growth of the British Party System Volume II: 1924–1964, revised to 1966 Conservative-Labour Confrontation (1967)
- Evans, Eric J. (2004). Thatcher and Thatcherism.
- Garnett, Mark, and Philip Lynch. The conservatives in crisis: the Tories after 1997 (1994)
- Paterson, David (2001). Liberalism and Conservatism, 1846–1905.
Lain-lain rujukan
sunting- Bale, Tim. The Conservatives since 1945: the Drivers of Party Change. (2012, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-923437-0)
- Beer, Samuel. "The Conservative Party of Great Britain," Journal of Politics Vol. 14, No. 1 (February 1952), pp. 41–71 in JSTOR
- Blake, Robert and Louis William Roger, eds. Churchill: A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War (Oxford UP, 1992), 581 pp; 29 essays by scholars on specialized topics
- Blake, Robert. The Conservative Party From Peel To Churchill (1970) online
- Campbell, John. Margaret Thatcher; Volume Two: The Iron Lady (Pimlico (2003). ISBN 0-7126-6781-4
- Dorey, Peter; Garnett, Mark; Denham, Andrew. From Crisis to Coalition: The Conservative Party, 1997–2010 (2011) Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-54238-9 excerpt and text search
- British conservatism: the politics and philosophy of inequality (IB Tauris, 2010), Covers more than just political party.
- Green, E. H. H. Ideologies of conservatism: conservative political ideas in the twentieth century (2004)
- The Crisis of conservatism: The politics, economics, and ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880–1914 (1996)
- Harris, Robert. The Conservatives – A History (2011) Bantam Press ISBN 978-0-593-06511-2
- King, Anthony, ed. British Political Opinion 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls (2001)
- Lawrence, Jon. Electing Our Masters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair (Oxford University Press, 2009) excerpt and text search
- McKenzie, R. T. and A. Silver. Angels in Marble: Working-class Conservatives in Urban England (1968)
- Mowat, Charles Loch. Britain between the Wars, 1918–1940 (1955) 694 pp; Detailed clinical history during
- Norton, Bruce F. Politics in Britain (2007) textbook
- Parry, J. P. "Disraeli and England," Historical Journal Vol. 43, No. 3 (September 2000), pp. 699–728 in JSTOR
- Powell, David. British Politics, 1910–1935: The Crisis of the Party System (2004)
- Reitan, Earl Aaron. The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979–2001 (2003) Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2203-2
- Searle, G. R. A New England?: Peace and War 1886–1918 (2005) 976pp broad survey
- Seldon, Anthony and Stuart Ball, eds. Conservative Century: The Conservative Party since 1900 (1994) 896pp; essays by experts Contents
- Snowdon, Peter. Back from the Brink: The Extraordinary Fall and Rise of the Conservative Party (2010) HarperPress ISBN 978-0-00-730884-2
- Taylor, A. J. P. English History, 1914–1945 (1965), a standard political history of the era
- Thackeray, David. "Home and Politics: Women and Conservative Activism in Early Twentieth‐Century Britain," Journal of British Studies (2010) 49#4 pp. 826–48.
- Windscheffel, Alex. "Men or Measures? Conservative Party Politics, 1815–1951," Historical Journal Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 2002), pp. 937–51 in JSTOR
- Crowson, N. J., ed. The Longman Companion to the Conservative Party Since 1830 (2001); chronologies; relations with women, minorities, trade unions, EU, Ireland, social reform and empire.
- Harrison, Brian. "Margaret Thatcher’s Impact on Historical Writing", in William Roger Louis, ed., Irrepressible Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics, and Culture in Britain (London, 2013), 307–21.
- Kowol, Kit. "Renaissance on the Right? New Directions in the History of the Post-War Conservative Party." Twentieth Century British History 27#2 (2016): 290–304. online
- Porter, Bernard. "‘Though Not an Historian Myself…’Margaret Thatcher and the Historians." Twentieth Century British History 5#2 (1994): 246–56.
- Turner, John. "The British Conservative Party in the Twentieth Century: from Beginning to End?." Contemporary European History 8#2 (1999): 275–87.
Pautan luar
suntingWikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Parti Konservatif (United Kingdom) |
- Tapak web rasmi
- Conservatives.tv
- Konservatif di Ireland Utara Diarkibkan 2007-02-03 di Wayback Machine
- Konservatif di Scotland
- Perlembagaan Parti Konservatif
- conservative-party.net – Laman sesawang direktori Konservatif
- Guardian Politics – Laporan Khas: Parti Konservatif
- The Thatcher legacy 1979–2009 – Persidangan Antarabangsa
- Parti Konservatif (United Kingdom) di Curlie
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