Kerajaan Hawaii

Kerajaan Hawaiʻi
Aupuni Mōʻī o Hawaiʻi
Kerajaan Hawaiʻi Aupuni Mōʻī o Hawaiʻi
1795–1893; ; 1893–1895: Kerajaan buangan
Bendera	Jata
	Cogan kata: Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono ; "Hayat tanah dijiwakan dengan benarnya";
	Lagu kebangsaan: God Save the Queen (Sehingga 1860) ; E Ola Ke Aliʻi Ke Akua (1860–1866) ; He Mele Lāhui Hawaiʻi (1866–1876) ; Hawaiʻi Ponoʻi (1876–1898);
	Kingdom of Hawaii
Ibu negara	Waikīkī (1795–1796) ; Hilo (1796–1802) ; Lāhainā (1802-1812) and (1820-1845); Kailua-Kona (1812–1820) ; Honolulu (1845–1893);
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Bahasa Hawaii, Bahasa Inggeris
Agama	Gereja Hawaii
Kerajaan	Kerajaan mutlak (until 1840); Kerajaan berperlembagaan (dari 1840)
Raja/Ratu
• 1795–1819	Kamehameha I (pertama)
• 1891–1893	Liliʻuokalani (terakhir)
Kuhina Nui
• 1819–1832	Kaʻahumanu I (pertama)
• 1863–1864	Kekūanāoʻa (terakhir)
Badan perundangan	Legislature
• Dewan Pertuanan	House of Nobles
• Dewan Rakyat	House of Representatives
Sejarah
• Penubuhan	May, 1795
• Penyatuan Hawaii	March/April 1810
• Kerajaan berperlembagaan	8 Oktober 1840
• Dijajah United Kingdom	25 Februari – 31 Julai 1843
• Perisytiharan Inggeris-Perancis	28 November 1843
• Kerajaan digulingkan	January 17, 1893
• Penurunan takhta Ratu Liliuokalani	24 Januari 1895
Populasi
• 1780	400,000 - 800,000
• 1800	250,000
• 1832	130,313
• 1890	89,990
Mata wang	Dala Hawaii, ; Dolar Amerika Syarikat;
Didahului oleh	Diganti oleh
	Hawaii Purba
	Kemelut Paulet (1843)
Kemelut Paulet (1843)
Pemerintah Sementara Hawaii
Sekarang sebahagian dari	; Amerika Syarikat ∟ Hawaii;

Kerajaan Hawaiʻi ditubuhkan pada 1795 hasil penggabungan pulau-pulau Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi dan Lānaʻi di bawah suatu kerajaan. Keseluruhan Kepulauan Hawaii disatukan pada tahun 1810 selepas Kauaʻi dan Niʻihau menyertai Kerajaan tersebut tanpa sebarang pertumpahan darah.

Kerajaan ini diperintah dua dinasti iaitu Wangsa Kamehameha dan Wangsa Kalākaua.

Kerajaan ini digulingkan pada 1893 oleh tentera pertahanan Ratu Liliʻuokalani yang berpaling tadah daripada membela baginda. Hawaii dijadikan sebuah republik sehingga ia diilhakkan Amerika Syarikat melalui pelulusan Ketetapan Newlands pada 4 Julai 1898 oleh Kongres negara tersebut sebagai Wilayah Hawaii.

Penubuhan sunting

Perubahan dalam masyarakat sunting

Faktor ekonomi dan demografi banyak merubah wajah kepulauan ini secara drastiknya pada kurun ke-19. Perdagangan kayu cendana dengan Empayar Qing di bawah pemerintahan Kamehameha I (1810-1819) misalnya membawa kepada pengenalan konsep perdagangan dan duit kepada keseluruhan masyarakat kepulauan tersebut.

Mubaligh-mubaligh Kristian dari Amerika Syarikat banyak membawa penduduk Hawaii menganut ajaran Kristian, para mubaligh tersebut lama-kelamaan menjadi suatu kelompok elit yang berpengaruh melalui penjawatan mereka dalam pejabat kerajaan serta kelas-kelas pedagang dan pakar di kota-kota.^[11]

Kejatuhan sunting

Senarai raja dan ratu yang memerintah sunting

Kamehameha I (1795–1819)
Kamehameha II (1819–1824)
Kamehameha III (1825–1854)
Kamehameha IV (1855–1863)
Kamehameha V (1863–1872)
Lunalilo (1873–1874)
Kalākaua (1874–1891)
Liliuokalani (1891–1893)

Rujukan sunting

^ Kanahele, George S. (1995). "Kamehameha's First Capital". Waikiki, 100 B.C. to 1900 A.D.: An Untold Story. University of Hawaii Press. m/s. 90–102. ISBN 978-0-8248-1790-9.
^ FAP-30 (Honoapiilani Highway) Realignment, Puamana to Honokowai, Lahaina District, Maui County: Environmental Impact Statement. 1991. m/s. 14.
^ Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 November 2013). The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. m/s. 315. ISBN 978-1-134-25930-4.
^ Patrick Vinton Kirch; Thérèse I. Babineau (1996). Legacy of the landscape: an illustrated guide to Hawaiian archaeological sites. University of Hawai ̀i Press. m/s. 63. ISBN 978-0-8248-1816-6.
^ Patricia Schultz (2007). 1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die. Workman Pub. m/s. 932. ISBN 978-0-7611-4738-1.
^ Bryan Fryklund (4 Januari 2011). Hawaii: The Big Island. Hunter Publishing, Inc. m/s. 81. ISBN 978-1-58843-637-5.
^ Benjamin F. Shearer (2004). The Uniting States: Alabama to Kentucky. Greenwood Publishing Group. m/s. 296. ISBN 978-0-313-33105-3.
^ Roman Adrian Cybriwsky (23 May 2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 352. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9.
^ Engineering Magazine. Engineering Magazine Company. 1892. m/s. 286.
^ Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. m/s. 51. ISBN 0-87022-431-X.
^ Harold W. Bradley, The American frontier in Hawaii: the pioneers, 1789-1843 (Stanford university press, 1942).

Bacaan lanjut sunting

Beechert, Edward D. Working in Hawaii: A Labor History. University of Hawaii Press, 1985.
Bradley, Harold W. The American Frontier in Hawaii: The Pioneers, 1789-1843. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1942.
Daws, Gavan (1968). Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-0324-8.
Haley, James L. Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii (St. Martin's Press, 2014).
Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson, and Arthur Grove Day. Hawaii: A History, from Polynesian Kingdom to American State. New York: Prentice Hall, 1961.
- Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. Hawaiian Kingdom 1778-1854, foundation and transformation. Volume 1. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-87022-431-X. |volume= has extra text (bantuan)
- Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). Hawaiian Kingdom 1854-1874, twenty critical years. Volume 2. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. |volume= has extra text (bantuan)
- Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). Hawaiian Kingdom 1874-1893, the Kalakaua Dynasty. Volume 3. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. |volume= has extra text (bantuan)
Siler, Julia Flynn. Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America's First Imperial Adventure (2012).
Silva, Noenoe K. The Power of the Steel-Tipped Pen: Reconstructing Native Hawaiian Intellectual History. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2017.
Sumida, Stephen H. And the View from the Shore: Literary Traditions of Hawai'i. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015.
Tregaskis, Richard. The warrior king: Hawaii's Kamehameha the Great (1973).
Wilson, Rob. "Exporting Christian Transcendentalism, Importing Hawaiian Sugar: The Trans-Americanization of Hawai'i." American Literature 72#.3 (2000): 521-552. online
Wyndette, Olive. Islands of Destiny: A History of Hawaii (1968).

Pautan luar sunting

Rencana Oceania ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Rencana sejarah ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[“Kanahele1995”-1] Kanahele, George S. (1995). "Kamehameha's First Capital". Waikiki, 100 B.C. to 1900 A.D.: An Untold Story. University of Hawaii Press. m/s. 90–102. ISBN 978-0-8248-1790-9.

[2] FAP-30 (Honoapiilani Highway) Realignment, Puamana to Honokowai, Lahaina District, Maui County: Environmental Impact Statement. 1991. m/s. 14.

[RingWatson2013-3] Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 November 2013). The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. m/s. 315. ISBN 978-1-134-25930-4.

[KirchBabineau1996-4] Patrick Vinton Kirch; Thérèse I. Babineau (1996). Legacy of the landscape: an illustrated guide to Hawaiian archaeological sites. University of Hawai ̀i Press. m/s. 63. ISBN 978-0-8248-1816-6.

[Schultz2007-5] Patricia Schultz (2007). 1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die. Workman Pub. m/s. 932. ISBN 978-0-7611-4738-1.

[Fryklund2011-6] Bryan Fryklund (4 Januari 2011). Hawaii: The Big Island. Hunter Publishing, Inc. m/s. 81. ISBN 978-1-58843-637-5.

[Shearer2004-7] Benjamin F. Shearer (2004). The Uniting States: Alabama to Kentucky. Greenwood Publishing Group. m/s. 296. ISBN 978-0-313-33105-3.

[Cybriwsky2013-8] Roman Adrian Cybriwsky (23 May 2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 352. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9.

[9] Engineering Magazine. Engineering Magazine Company. 1892. m/s. 286.

[10] Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. m/s. 51. ISBN 0-87022-431-X.

[11] Harold W. Bradley, The American frontier in Hawaii: the pioneers, 1789-1843 (Stanford university press, 1942).

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