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Latihan RIMPAC

RIMPAC, atau Latihan Lingkaran Pasifik, merupakan satu latihan peperangan maritim antarabangsa terbesar. RIMPAC dilakukan dua tahun sekali antara bulan Jun sehingga Julai pada tahun-tahun genap di Honolulu, Hawaii. Ia dihoskan dan ditadbir Armada Pasifik yang berpangkalan di Pearl Harbor, dengan kerjasama Kor Marin, Pengawal Pantai, dan pasukan Pengawal Negara Hawaii yang berada di bawah kawalan Gabenor Hawaii. Tentera AS menjemput pasukan tentera daripada Lingkaran Pasifik dan para jemputan lain untuk menyertainya. Markas Pasifik A.S berhasrat untuk meningkatkan kerjasama antara pasukan-pasukan tentera di Pasifik, sebagai satu cara untuk mempromosi kestabilan di kawasan ini serta membawa kebaikan kepada semua negara peserta. Tentera Laut A.S percaya peluang latihan unik ini membantu negara-negara untuk meningkatkan dan mengekalkan hubungan kerjasama yang merupakan kunci kepada keselamatan laluan laut di perairan antarabangsa.[1]

Latihan RIMPAC
Legenda peta        Tuan rumah      2014 Aktif      2014 Pemerhati      Aktif sebelumnya      Pemerhati sebelumnya
Legenda peta
  •  
  •      Tuan rumah
  •      2014 Aktif
  •      2014 Pemerhati
  •      Aktif sebelumnya
  •      Pemerhati sebelumnya
Ibu pejabatPearl Harbor, Hawaii, A.S
JenisLatihan ketenteraan
Anggota
22 anggota
(RIMPAC 2014)
  •  
  •  Amerika Syarikat
  •  Australia
  •  Belanda
  •  Brunei
  •  Chile
  •  China
  •  Colombia
  •  Filipina
  •  India
  •  Indonesia
  •  Jepun
  •  Kanada
  •  Korea Selatan
  •  Malaysia
  •  Mexico
  •  New Zealand
  •  Norway
  •  Perancis
  •  Peru
  •  Singapura
  •  Tonga
  •  United Kingdom


6 pemerhati
(RIMPAC 2014)
  •  
  •  Bangladesh
  •  Brazil
  •  Denmark
  •  Jerman
  •  Itali
  •  Papua New Guinea


2 Aktif Lepas
(Tidak menyertai pada 2014)
  •  
  •  Rusia
  •  Thailand


2 Pemerhati Lepas
(Tidak memerhati pada 2014)
  •  
  •  Ecuador
  •  Taiwan
 
Pendirian1971

Para peserta sunting

 
Kumpulan tempur pengangkut USS Abraham Lincoln bersama-sama kapal-kapal daripada Australia, Kanada, Chile, Jepun, dan Korea Selatan semasa RIMPAC 2000.

Edisi sulung latihan RIMPAC telah diadakan pada tahun 1971, yang mana melibatkan pasukan tentera daripada Australia, Kanada, New Zealand, United Kingdom (UK), dan Amerika Syarikat. Australia, Kanada, dan AS terlibat dalam semua latihan RIMPAC siejak tahun ini. Para peserta biasa yang lain adalah Chile, Colombia, Perancis, Indonesia, Jepun, Malaysia, Belanda, Peru, Singapura, Korea Selatan, dan Thailand. Tentera Laut Diraja New Zealand mula melibatkan diri secara kerap sehingga pertikaian kapal-kapal nuklear ANZUS 1985 mula timbul, tetapi mula menyertai semula dalam latihan RIMPAC terbaharu iaitu pada tahun 2012, 2014 dan 2016.

Beberapa negara pemerhati lain selalunya juga dijemput termasuk China, Ecuador, India, Mexico, Filipina, dan Rusia, yang mana menjadi peserta aktif untuk pertama kali pada tahun 2012.[2] Meskipun tidak meyumbangkan sebarang kapal, negara pemerhati dalam latihan RIMPAC terlibat pada tahap strategik dan menggunakan peluang ini untuk persediaan bagi penglibatan penuh pada masa depan.

Kontigen daripada Amerika Syarikat termasuk sebuah kumpulan penyerang pengangkut pesawat, kapal selam, sehingga seratus buah pesawat dan 20,000 kelasi, daripada Marin AS, Pengawal Pantai dan para pegawai mereka. Saiz latihan berbeza dari tahun ke tahun.

RIMPAC 2004 sunting

RIMPAC 2004 melibatkan 40 buah kapal, 7 kapal selam, 100 pesawat, dan hampir 18,000 anggota tentera daripada tujuh buah tentera laut, termasuk Kanada, Australia, Jepun, Korea Selatan, Chile, dan United Kingdom.[3][4][5][6] Ia menumpukan akan latihan pelbagai negara serta membina kepercayaan dan kerjasama antara tentera-tentera laut negara peserta. Laksamana Madya Patrick M. Walsh, Komander Carrier Group Seven, berperanan sebagai Komander Pasukan Tugas Pelbagai Negara[7] di atas kapal pengangkut pesawat super USS John C. Stennis.

RIMPAC 2010 sunting

 
RIMPAC 2010
 
Sea Combat Control (19 July 2010)

On 23 June 2010, U.S. Pacific Fleet commander Admiral Patrick M. Walsh and Combined Task Force commander Vice Admiral Richard W. Hunt announced the official start of the month-long 2010 Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise during a press conference held in Lockwood Hall at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam. RIMPAC 2010 was the 22nd exercise in the series that originated in 1971.[8] The exercise was designed to increase the operational and tactical proficiency of participating units in a wide array of maritime operations by enhancing military-to-military relations and interoperability.[9] Thirty-two ships, five submarines, over 170 aircraft, and 20,000 personnel participated in RIMPAC 2010, the world's largest multi-national maritime exercise.[10]

RIMPAC 2010 brought together units and personnel from Australia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Peru, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States. During the exercise, participating countries conducted gunnery, missile, anti-submarine, and air defense exercises, as well as maritime interdiction and vessel boarding, explosive ordnance disposal, diving and salvage operations, mine clearance operations, and an amphibious landing. RIMPAC 2010 will also emphasize littoral operations with ships like the U.S. littoral combat ship Freedom, the French frigate Prairial, and the Singaporean frigate kelas-Formidable RSS Supreme.[8]

On 28 June 2010, the aircraft carrier Ronald Reagan arrived in Pearl Harbor to participate in RIMPAC 2010. Ronald Reagan was the only aircraft carrier to participate in this exercise. During the in-port phase of RIMPAC, officers and crew of the 14 participating navies interact in receptions, meetings, and athletic events.[11] Ronald Reagan completed its Tailored Ships Training Availability (TSTA) exercises prior to RIMPAC 2010.[11]

During 6–7 July 2010, 32 naval vessels and five submarines from seven nations departed Pearl Harbor to participate in Phase II of RIMPAC 2010. This phase included live fire gunnery and missile exercises; maritime interdiction and vessel boardings; and anti-surface warfare, undersea warfare, naval maneuvers and air defense exercises. Participants also collaborated in explosive ordnance disposal; diving and salvage operations; mine clearance operations; and amphibious operations.[12] Phase III involved scenario-driven exercises designed to further strengthen maritime skills and capabilities.[12]

During RIMPAC 2010, over 40 naval personnel from Singapore, Japan, Australia, Chile, Peru, and Colombia managed combat exercises while serving aboard Ronald Reagan (pictured). This involved managing anti-submarine warfare and surface warfare for Carrier Strike Group Seven and the entire RIMPAC force, including the use of radar, charts, and high-tech devices to monitor, chart, and communicate with other ships and submarines. Tactical action officers from the different countries coordinated the overall operational picture and provided direction and administration to the enlisted personnel involved in the Sea Combat Control (SCC) activities.[13] Also, Reagan conducted a live Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) launch, firing at a simulated target, the first since 2007.[10][11]

On 30 July 2010, RIMPAC 2010 concluded with a press conference held at Merry Point Landing on Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam.[9] A reception for over 1,500 participants, distinguished visitors and special guests was held in the hangar bays of the carrier Ronald Reagan.[10]

During RIMPAC 2010, participating countries conducted three sinking exercises (SINKEX) involving 140 discrete live-fire events that included 30 surface-to-air engagements, 40 air-to-air missile engagements, 12 surface-to-surface engagements, 76 laser-guided bombs, and more than 1,000 rounds of naval gunfire from 20 surface combatant warships.[9] Units flew more than 3100 air sorties, completed numerous maritime interdiction and vessel boardings, explosive ordnance disposal, diving and salvage operations and mine clearance operations and 10 major experiments, with the major one being the U.S. Marine Corps Enhanced Company Operations experiment.[9] Ground forces from five countries completed five amphibious landings, including nine helicopter-borne amphibious landings and 560 troops from ship-to-shore mission. In all, 960 different training events were scheduled and 96 percent were completed in all areas of the Hawaiian operations area, encompassing Kāneʻohe Bay, Bellows Air Force Station, the Pacific Missile Range Facility, and the Pohakuloa Training Area.[9]

RIMPAC 2012 sunting

RIMPAC 2012 merupakan latihan kali ke-23 yang bermula pada 29 Jun 2012. Ia melibatkan 42 buah kapal termasuk kapal pengangkut pesawat USS Nimitz dan elemn-elemen lain dalam Carrier Strike Group 11, enam buah kapal selam,[14] 200 buah pesawat dan 25,000 anggota tentera daripada 22 buah negara di Hawaii. Latihan ini melibatkan penempur permukaan daripada A.S., Kanada, Jepun, Australia, Korea Selatan dan Chile.[15] Tentera Laut AS mempamerkan kapal-kapal Armada Hijau Besar yang kuasanya dijana bahan api bio di mana 450,000 gelen bahan api bio telah dibeli, dengan harga $12 juta.[16] Pada 17 Julai, USNS Henry J. Kaiser menghantar 900,000 gelen bahan api bio dan petroleum ke Kumpulan Penyerang Pengangkut 11-Nimitz.[17]

Latihan ini juga melibatkan anggota tentera daripada Australia, Kanada, Chile, Colombia, Perancis, India, Indonesia, Jepun, Malaysia, Mexico, Belanda, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Republik Korea, Filipina, Rusia, Singapurea Thailand, Tonga, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat.[18][19] Rusia juga menyertai latihan ini secara aktif buat pertama kalinya,[2] sama seperti Filipina, yang dilaporkan menghadapi ketegangan yang meningkat dengan China berkaitan dengan pemilikan Terumbu Scarborough.[20]

RIMPAC 2012 menandakan kemunculan sulung pesawat peronda anti kapal selam milik Tentera Laut A.S yang berpangkalan di darat iaitu P-8A Poseidon, dengan dua buah P-8A menyertai latihan RIMPAC ke-24 sebagai sebahagian daripada Skuadron Pertama Penilaian dan Ujian Udara (VX-1) yang berpangkalan di Pangkalan Kor Marin Hawaii di Teluk Kaneohe.[21]

RIMPAC 2014 sunting

 
Pasukan petugas pelbagai negara di RIMPAC 2014.

RIMPAC 2014 merupakan latihan ke-24 yang dilaksanakan pada 26 Jun sehingga 1 Ogos.[1]

Untuk pertama kalinya, Tentera Laut Diraja Norway terlibat secara aktif dalam latihan ini. Norway telah menghantar sebuah frigat kelas Fridtjof Nansen dan kemungkinan juga pasukan khas laut.[28] China juga telah dijemput untuk menghantar kapal-kapal mereka daripada Angkatan Laut Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat; menandakan bukan sahaja ia merupakan kali pertama China menyertai latihan RIMPAC, tetapi juga kali pertama China terlibat dalam latihan laut berskala besar yang diketuai oleh A.S.[29] Pada 9 Jun 2014, China mengesahkan bahawa ia akan menghantar empat buah kapal ke latihan ini, iaitu sebuah pemusnah, frigat, kapal bekalan dan hospital.[30][31]

Para peserta RIMPAC pada tahun ini adalah Australia, Brunei, Kanada, Chile, China, Colombia, Perancis, India, Indonesia, Jepun, Malaysia, Mexico, Balanda, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Filipina, Singapura, Korea Selatan, Tonga, United Kingdom, dan Amerika Syarikat.[32] Thailand tidak dijemput untuk menyertai latihan ini berikutan sebuah rampasan kuasa tentera pada 22 Mei. Ketidakhadiran Thailand bermakna hanya 22 buah negara menyertai RIMPAC berbanding 23 buah yang telah diwar-warkan sebelumnya.[33] Latihan ini melibatkan 55 buah kapal, lebih 200 buah pesawat, dan sekitar 25,000 anggota tentera.[22][34]

RIMPAC 2016 sunting

India menyertai RIMPAC 2016.[37]

Pada April 2016, Republik Komunis China juga dijemput ke RIMPAC 2016 meskipun ketegangan timbul di Laut China Selatan.[38]

RIMPAC 2018 sunting

Pada 23 Mei 2018, Pentagon mengumumkan bahawa ia "tidak menjemput" China di sebabkan pendudukan tentera di pulau-pulau Laut China Selatan baru-baru ini, selepas China membuat pengumuman pada bulan Januari bahawa ia telah dijemput.[39] Republik Komunis China sebelumnya telah menyertai RIMPAC 2014 & 2016.

Pada 30 Mei 2018, Tentera Laut AS mengumumkan bahawa tentera laut daripada negara-negara berikut akan menyertai latihan ini;

Israel, Vietnam, Brazil, & Sri Lanka akan membuat penampilan sulung mereka di RIMPAC. Latihan ini juga melibatkan tembakan peluru hidup peluru berpandu anti kapal LRASM untuk pertama kali.[40]

Experiments sunting

RIMPAC experiments have included a range of sectors important to international militaries. In RIMPAC 2000, for example, the first of the Strong Angel international humanitarian response demonstrations was held on the Big Island of Hawai'i near Pu'u Pa'a. That series continued with events in the summer of 2004 and again in 2006.

Participants have also conducted exercises in ship-sinking and torpedo usage. They also have tested new naval vessels and technology. For example, in 2004, the United States Navy tested the Australian built HSV-2 Swift, a 321-kaki (98 m) experimental wave-piercing catamaran that draws only 11 kaki (3.4 m) of water, has a top speed of almost 50 knot (93 km/j; 58 mph), and can transport 605 tons of cargo.

  •  
    Marines from Kaneohe Bay conducting an amphibious landing in RIMPAC 2004.
  •  
    USS Key West at periscope depth, RIMPAC 2004
  •  
    Ultra Heavy-Lift Amphibious Connector lands on the shore after disembarking USS Rushmore with heavy equipment during a Marine Corps Advanced Warfighting Experiment during RIMPAC 2014. The prototype is a ship-to-shore connector and is 50% scale.
  •  
    Legged Squad Support System (LS3) walks around the Kahuku Training Area during RIMPAC 2014. The LS3 is experimental technology being tested by the Marine Corps Warfighting Lab.
  •  
    Marines follow a Ground Unmanned Support Surrogate (GUSS), experimental technology being tested by the Marine Corps Warfighting Lab during RIMPAC 2014 at Kahuku Training Area.
  •  
    Forty-two ships & submarines from 15 nations steam in close formation during RIMPAC 2014
  •  
    USS Ronald Reagan steams in close formation as one of forty-two ships & submarines representing 15 nations during RIMPAC 2014. In the background is JDS Ise

Budaya popolar sunting

Rujukan sunting

  1. ^ a b "RIMPAC 2014". Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet. Dicapai pada 10 June 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Russian Warships Arrive at U.S. Pearl Harbor for Joint Drills." RIA Novosti. 1 July 2012.
  3. ^ a b "Ships of RIMPAC 2004". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 March 2005. Dicapai pada 3 July 2014.
  4. ^ a b "Submarines of RIMPAC 2004". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 1 April 2005. Dicapai pada 3 July 2014.
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  10. ^ a b c Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Stephen Votaw, USN (8 August 2008). "USS Ronald Reagan Returns from RIMPAC 2010". NNS100808-01. USS Ronald Reagan Public Affairs. Dicapai pada 28 December 2011. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (bantuan)
  11. ^ a b c Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Aaron Stevens, USN (30 June 2010). "USS Ronald Reagan Arrives in Hawaii for RIMPAC 2010". NNS100630-09. USS Ronald Reagan Public Affairs. Dicapai pada 28 December 2011. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (bantuan)
  12. ^ a b Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Robert Stirrup, USN (9 July 2010). "Ships Depart Pearl Harbor for RIMPAC 2010 Exercises". NNS100708-18. Commander, Navy Region Hawaii Public Affairs. Dicapai pada 28 December 2011.
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  29. ^ Editorial, Reuters. "China to attend major U.S.-hosted naval exercises, but role limited". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2015-09-24. Dicapai pada 2018-06-20.
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  40. ^ https://www.ebay.com/itm/Varyag-Liaoning-Challenge-Coin-Celebrating-China-PLAs-1st-Aircraft-Carrier/132621928932?hash=item1ee0e209e4:g:WakAAOSw44BYVxO-

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