Plumbum
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Nama, simbol, nombor | plumbum, Pb, 82 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Siri kimia | logam lemah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kumpulan, kala, blok | 14, 6, p | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rupa | kelabu kebiru-biruan![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jisim atom piawai | 207.2(1) g·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tatarajah elektron | [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s2 6p2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elektron pada setiap petala | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fasa | pepejal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ketumpatan (pada suhu bilik) | 11.34 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ketumpatan cecair pada takat lebur | 10.66 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Takat lebur | 600.61 K (327.46 °C, 621.43 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Takat didih | 2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Haba lakuran | 4.77 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Haba pengewapan | 179.5 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muatan haba tentu | (25 °C) 26.650 J·mol−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sifat keatoman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Keadaan pengoksidaan | 4, 2 (Oksida amfoterik) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Keelektronegatifan | 2.33 (skala Pauling) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jejari atom | 180 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jejari atom terhitung | 154 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jejari kovalen | 147 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jejari Van der Waals | 202 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lain-lain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sifat magnet | diamagnet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kerintangan elektrik | (20 °C) 208 nΩ·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Keberkonduktan haba | (300 K) 35.3 W·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pengembangan terma | (25 °C) 28.9 µm·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kelajuan bunyi (rod halus) | (suhu bilik) (sepuh lindap) 1190 m·s−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Modulus Young | 16 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Modulus ricih | 5.6 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nisbah Poisson | 0.44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kekerasan Brinell | 38.3 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nombor CAS | 7439-92-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Isotop-isotop terpilih | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rujukan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Plumbum (Sains, Jawi: ڤلومبوم ; daripada bahasa Latin) atau Timbal atau timah hitam (Jawi: تيمه هيتم)[1][2] ialah sejenis unsur kimia yang mempunyai nombor atom 82 dan diberikan simbol Pb. Plumbum dalam Bahasa Melayu juga dikenali sebagai . Plumbum adalah logam lembut dan mudah tertempa. Logam ini tergolong dalam kumpulan logam lemah. Plumbum juga merupakan sejenis logam berat. Plumbum yang baru dikerat berwarna putih kebiru-biruan, tetapi dengan serta-merta menjadi kusam (sebam) apabila terdedah kepada udara. Apabila dilebur menjadi cecair, plumbum berwarna perak krom berkilau.
Nombor atom plumbum adalah yang paling tinggi antara kesemua unsur-unsur stabil. Namun demikian, bismut yang mempunyai nombor atom yang lagi tinggi daripada plumbum, juga dianggap sejenis unsur yang stabil walaupun sebenarnya adalah sedikit radioaktif (mempunyai separuh hayat dengan jangka masa yang sangat lama).
Plumbum mempunyai banyak kegunaaan/aplikasi dalam pembinaan bangunan, pembuatan bateri asid plumbum, peluru, bebola plumbum dan pemberat. Aloi-aloi boleh lakur seperti piuter dan pateri juga mengandungi unsur plumbum.
Plumbum merupakan neurotoksin yang sangat poten (berbahaya), sama seperti raksa. Plumbum cenderung untuk bertumpuk (terkumpul) dalam tisu-tisu lembut badan dan tulang.
Sifat fisik Sunting
Sifat atom Sunting
Atom unsur ini memiliki 82 elektron, dengan konfigurasi [Xe]4f145d106s26p2. Jumlah tenaga pengionan pertama dan kedua ia (tenaga untuk mengeluarkan dua elektron terluarnya) mirip dengan stannum (Sn), tetangga atas timbal dalam golongan IVA. Hal ini tidak wajar kerana tenaga pengionan suatu unsur biasanya lebih rendah daripada tetangga atasnya di golongan yang sama, kerana elektron terluarnya lebih jauh dari teras atom dan dipisahkan oleh lebih banyak orbital tahap rendah. Ketidakwajaran ini disebabkan oleh fenomena yang disebut pengecutan lantanida iaitu berkurangnya jari-jari atom dari lantanum (nombor atom 57) ke lutesium (71), dan relatif kecilnya jari-jari atom unsur-unsur berikutnya. Ini adalah akibat dari kurang efektifnya elektron-elektron 4f dalam melindungi elektron luar dari tarikan teras atom. Bahkan jika tenaga pengionan pertama sampai keempat-empat elektron dijumlahkan, jumlah tenaga pengionan unsur ini dikira melebihi timah,[3] berbalik dari pola yang umum untuk tetangga atas-bawah di tabel periodik. Di antara penyebab anomali ini adalah kesan-kesan kimia kuantum relativistik. Salah satunya adalah kesan pasangan lengai, yang menyebabkan kedua elektron 6s timbal cenderung tidak terlibat dalam ikatan, sehingga jarak antara atom-atom pada kristal unsur menjadi sangat jauh.[4]
Unsur-unsur atas kedudukan ia pada golongan IVA (karbon, silikon, germanium, dan timah) memiliki alotrop dengan struktur kubik seperti intan iaitu dengan ikatan kovalen bersusunan tetrahedral. Pada unsur-unsur tersebut, tahap tenaga orbital s dan p terluar sangat mirip sehingga dapat melakukan hibridisasi orbital menjadi orbital sp3. Namun, hal serupa tidak terjadi pada timbal, kerana kesan pasangan lengai meningkatkan jarak tenaga orbital s dan p sehingga tidak dapat ditutupi oleh tenaga yang dibebaskan melalui ikatan yang melibatkan orbital sp3.[5] Kerana sebab itu, unsur tidak memiliki struktur kristal kubik seperti intan, tetapi terikat melalui ikatan logam yang melibatkan ion-ion Pb2+ yang dikelilingi "lautan elektron" yang berasal dari orbital 6p. Timbal mengkristal dengan struktur kubik pusat muka (kpm, atau face-centred cubic, fcc)[6] seperti halnya logam golongan IIA kalsium dan strontium.[7]
Sifat benda Sunting
Timbal murni memiliki warna perak terang dengan sedikit kebiru-biruan.[8] Zat ini memudar saat terkena udara lembap dan warnanya pun akan berubah tergantung kondisi. Ciri utama timbal di antaranya adalah jisim jenis tinggi, lunak, dan mudah ditempa, serta tahan korosi kerana adanya gejala pasivasi.[9]
Jisim jenis unsur yang tinggi (11,34 g/cm3) disebabkan oleh susunan atomnya yang berupa kubik pusat muka dengan kepadatan tinggi dan berat atom tinggi. Jisim jenis ini lebih berat dari banyak logam lainnya, seperti ferum (7,87 g/cm3), tembaga (8,93 g/cm3) dan seng (7,14 g/cm3).[10] Ada beberapa logam yang lebih berat tetapi lebih sukar didapati iaitu tungsten dan aurum (keduanya 19,3 g/cm3) dan osmium (22,59 g/cm3 dan logam terberat yang diketahui saat ini).[11]
Timah hitam bersifat lembut dengan takat hanya 1.5 pada skala Mohs dan dapat digores dengan kuku.[12] Logam ini cukup mudah ditempa (yakni "mulur") dan ditarik .[13] Ia memiliki modulus curah (bilangan yang menunjukkan tekanan yang dibutuhkan untuk mengurangi volume) sebesar 45,8 GPa. Sebagai perbandingan, logam aluminium memiliki modulus curah 75,2 GPa, tembaga 137,8 GPa, dan besi karbon sedang 160–169 GPa.[14] Selain itu, timbal memiliki kekuatan tarik yang relatif rendah iaitu 12–17 MPa (hanya sekitar 1/6 dari kekuatan tarik aluminium, 1/10 dari tembaga, dan 1/15 dari baja karbon sedang). Namun, timbal dapat diperkuat jika dipadukan dengan sedikit tembaga atau antimon.[15]
Timbal memiliki titik lebur 327,5 °C,[16] sangat rendah dibandingkan dengan kebanyakan logam.[17][a] Titik didihnya adalah 1749 °C, terendah di golongan IVA.[16] Timbal memiliki resistansi jenis (ρ) 192 nanoohm-meter pada suhu 20 °C, hampir 10 kali lebih besar dibanding logam-logam yang banyak digunakan industri, seperti tembaga (15,43 nΩ·m), emas (20,51 nΩ·m); dan aluminium (24,15 nΩ·m).[19] Angka-angka ini menunjukkan bahawa timbal adalah pengalir arus elektrik yang lebih buruk dibandingkan logam-logam tersebut. Timbal menjadi superkonduktor pada suhu di bawah 7,19 K,[20] ini adalah suhu kritis superkonduktor tertinggi dari seluruh superkonduktor jenis I, dan tertinggi ketiga dari seluruh superkonduktor yang berupa unsur.[21]
Isotop Sunting
Plumbum dalam bentuk semulajadinya memiliki 4 isotop stabil (dengan nombor jisim 205, 206, 207, dan 208) dan 5 radioisotop kecil yang cepat meluruh dan kelimpahannya sangat rendah. Banyaknya jumlah isotop ini adalah hal yang umum untuk unsur dengan nombor atom yang genap.[b] Timbal memiliki 82 proton, yang merupakan salah satu "nombor ajaib" dalam fizik teras; sesuai dengan model petala nukleus, hal ini bererti unsur memiliki teras atom yang sangat stabil.[23] Isotop timbal-208 bahkan memiliki 126 neutron (126 juga termasuk bilangan ajaib); alhasil isotop 208 ini (82 proton + 126 neutron) adalah isotop yang luar biasa stabil.[23]
Catatan Sunting
- ^ Bandingkan dengan titik leleh besi yaitu 1536 °C, tembaga yaitu 1084 °C, dan aluminum yaitu 660 °C. Ada juga yang lebih rendah dibanding timbal, misalnya timah (231,9 °C). [18]
- ^ Hal ini disebabkan jumlah proton atau neutron yang genap biasanya meningkatkan kestabilan inti sebuah atom, relatif dibandingkan inti atom dengan jumlah ganjil. Tidak ada unsur bernomor atom ganjil yang memiliki lebih dari dua isotop stabil, sedangkan semua unsur bernomor genap memiliki lebih dari satu isotop stabil, termasuk timah (nomor atom 50) yang memiliki jumlah isotop stabil tertinggi yaitu 10.[22]
Rujukan Sunting
- ^ "timah hitam". Kamus Dewan (ed. ke-4). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. 2017.
- ^ Wilkinson, Richard James (1901). timah. Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh, limited. m/s. 211. Rencana ini mengandungi teks dari sumber yang berada dalam domain awam.
- ^ Lide 2005, m/s. 10-179.
- ^ Norman 1996, m/s. 36.
- ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998, m/s. 226–27, 374.
- ^ Christensen 2002, m/s. 867.
- ^ Considine & Considine 2013, m/s. 501, 2970.
- ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998, m/s. 372.
- ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998, m/s. 372–73.
- ^ Lide 2005, m/s. 12–35, 12–40.
- ^ Lide 2005, m/s. 4–13, 4–21, 4–33.
- ^ Vogel & Achilles 2013, m/s. 8.
- ^ Anderson 1869, m/s. 341–43.
- ^ Gale & Totemeier 2003, m/s. 15–2–15–3.
- ^ Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001, m/s. 8.
- ^ a b Lide 2005, m/s. 12-219.
- ^ Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001, m/s. 6.
- ^ Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001, m/s. 13.
- ^ Lide 2005, m/s. 12-45.
- ^ Blakemore 1985, m/s. 272.
- ^ Webb, Marsiglio & Hirsch 2015.
- ^ IAEA - Nuclear Data Section 2017.
- ^ a b Stone 1997.
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